Carbon nucleophiles - Study guides, Class notes & Summaries
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AQA A Level Chemistry 2022 Paper 2 SOLUTION 2023//2024
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How can we make polymers more flexible? - ANSWER By adding a plasticiser 
How do plasticisers make polymers more flexible? - ANSWER They stick between the 
chains and keep the polymers further apart from each other, weakening the van der 
Waals forces and lets chains slide more easily. 
Uses of Kevlar - ANSWER bulletproof and used in body armour. 
Uses of Nylon - ANSWER commonly used in textiles. 
Why are polymers strong? - ANSWER Polymers are bound by van der Waals forces. 
The intermolecula...
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PSU Chem 210 Final Review Questions & Answers(Graded A)
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E2 Reaction - ANSWEROne-Step with no intermediates, Base takes off proton + LG leaves with double bond formation. 
 
What type of carbons do E2 rxns favor? - ANSWERTertiary 
 
What is a Zaitsev product? - ANSWERDouble bond formation on more substituted carbon 
 
What is a Hoffman product? - ANSWERDouble bond formation on less substituted carbon 
 
When using a stericallly hindered base (t-BuOK, LDA), which product is more favorable? - ANSWERHoffman 
 
When using Eto- or less sterically hindered ...
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AQA A Level Chemistry- Organic Chemistry questions and answers 100% guaranteed success.
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AQA A Level Chemistry- Organic Chemistry questions and answers 100% guaranteed success. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Empirical formula - ANS.The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound 
 
How to find the empirical formula - ANS.Obtain the mass of each element present in grams 
(Element % = mass in g = m) 
 
Determine the number of moles of each type of atom present 
 
Divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest number of moles 
 
Co...
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PSU Chem 210 Final Review Questions with Correct Solutions | Graded A+
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E2 Reaction - One-Step with no intermediates, Base takes off proton + LG leaves with double bond formation. 
 
What type of carbons do E2 rxns favor? - Tertiary 
 
What is a Zaitsev product? - Double bond formation on more substituted carbon 
 
What is a Hoffman product? - Double bond formation on less substituted carbon 
 
When using a stericallly hindered base (t-BuOK, LDA), which product is more favorable? - Hoffman 
 
When using Eto- or less sterically hindered base, which pro...
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
Reactions common to both Aldehydes and Ketones 
The difference between an Aldehyde and a Ketone is the position of the C=O (Carbonyl group). 
Aldehyde – always on a carbon at the end of the chain Ketone – Always on a carbon at middle carbon of the chain 
1. BOTH Aldehydes and Ketones can be reduced 
Aldehyde reduced to Primary Alcohol Reducing agent = Sodium tetrahydroborate III (NaBH4) 
Ketone reduced to Secondary Alcohol 
Reduction Oxidisation ...
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
Reactions common to both Aldehydes and Ketones 
The difference between an Aldehyde and a Ketone is the position of the C=O (Carbonyl group). 
Aldehyde – always on a carbon at the end of the chain 
Ketone – Always on a carbon at middle carbon of the chain 
1. BOTH Aldehydes and Ketones can be reduced 
Aldehyde reduced to Primary Alcohol 
Reducing agent = Sodium tetrahydroborate III (NaBH4) 
Ketone reduced to Secondary Alcohol 
Reduction Oxidisatio...
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Chem 210 Exam 3 questions and answers
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what factors explain the outcomes of reactions? 
hybridization, delocalization, eN, atom density 
 
 
 
what is a leaving group? 
- group of atom(s) that can be stable on its own 
- eN atoms that are good LG also make strong acids 
 
 
 
what is the α carbon? 
C directly attached to leaving group 
 
 
 
what are β Cs? β Hs? 
βC: C(s) attached to α carbon 
βH: H(s) attached to βC 
 
 
 
what is a LB? is it a nucleophile or electrophile? 
lewis base, nucleophile 
 
 
 
what is nucleophilic ...
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Exam (elaborations) • 45 pages • 2024
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
Reactions common to both Aldehydes and Ketones 
The difference between an Aldehyde and a Ketone is the position of the C=O (Carbonyl group). 
Aldehyde – always on a carbon at the end of the chain 
Ketone – Always on a carbon at middle carbon of the chain 
1. BOTH Aldehydes and Ketones can be reduced 
Aldehyde reduced to Primary Alcohol 
Reducing agent = Sodium tetrahydroborate III (NaBH4) 
Ketone reduced to Secondary Alcohol 
Reduction Oxidisatio...
-
Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones Reactions common to both Aldehydes and Ketones
- Exam (elaborations) • 45 pages • 2024
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Chemical properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 
Reactions common to both Aldehydes and Ketones 
The difference between an Aldehyde and a Ketone is the position of the C=O (Carbonyl group). 
Aldehyde – always on a carbon at the end of the chain 
Ketone – Always on a carbon at middle carbon of the chain 
1. BOTH Aldehydes and Ketones can be reduced 
Aldehyde reduced to Primary Alcohol 
Reducing agent = Sodium tetrahydroborate III (NaBH4) 
Ketone reduced to Secondary Alcohol 
Reduction Oxidisatio...
-
Chem 210 Exam 3 Questions with Correct Solutions| Rated A+
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what factors explain the outcomes of reactions? - hybridization, delocalization, eN, atom density 
 
what is a leaving group? - - group of atom(s) that can be stable on its own 
- eN atoms that are good LG also make strong acids 
 
what is the α carbon? - C directly attached to leaving group 
 
what are β Cs? β Hs? - βC: C(s) attached to α carbon 
βH: H(s) attached to βC 
 
what is a LB? is it a nucleophile or electrophile? - lewis base, nucleophile 
 
what is nucleophilic ...
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