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PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM 2024...

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what are the roles of the lower esophageal sphincter in achalasia and in reflux esophagitis achalasia: a motor disorder; lower esophageal sphincter (LES) fails to relax properly; leads to dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), regurgitation and chest pain; over time leads to esophagus enlargement reflux esophagitis: increased frequency of LES relaxations; increased acidity; decreased LES tone leading to inflammation and burning chest pain at night or after meal due to repetitive acid exposure to e...

What histologic features are associated with pancreatic secretion of digestive enzymes into the GI tract? - Answer-**Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes** Ductal cells secrete pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3 What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine pancreatic function? - Answer-Hormonal regulation • Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin. • Secretin causes release ofBicarbonate from ductal cells. • Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release o...

what is the number of cells produced daily by bone marrow more than 100 billion cells are produced every day by the bone marrow what is the ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells in the bloodstream white blood cells (leukocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils) are generally present at about 1/700th the number of erythrocytes and the function as mediators of immune responses to infection or other stimuli of inflammation what are the different formed ele...

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PCOL 838 Hypersenitivity Exam Questions with Correct Answers what are the 2 situations of hypersensitivty? - Answer-- dysregulated/uncontrolled immune response - autoimmunity what is type 1 hypersensitivity? - Answer-- immediate hypersensitivity - allergen exposure triggers immune response how does type 1 hypersensitivity manifest? - Answer-- allergic rhinitis: increased mucus/inflammation - food allergies: increased peristalsis - anaphylaxis: BP decrease due to vasodilation ...

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