Ncert based Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

The plant kingdom comprises diverse organisms, from mosses to flowering trees. Plants exhibit various reproductive strategies, including spore and seed production. They possess specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport, vital for growth. Plants play essential roles in ecosystems, providing oxygen, food, and habitats, shaping the environment and supporting life.

The animal kingdom encompasses diverse multicellular organisms, classified into invertebrates and vertebrates. Major phyla include Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and Porifera. Animals exhibit various body plans, symmetry types, and reproductive strategies. Understanding this diversity aids in ecological balance, medical research, and appreciation of life's complexity.

Biomolecules are essential compounds in living organisms, classified into carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates provide energy, lipids store energy and form membranes, proteins perform various functions, and nucleic acids store genetic information. Understanding their structures and functions is crucial for comprehending life processes.

Digestion breaks down ingested food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. It begins in the mouth with mechanical and chemical breakdown, continues in the stomach with further digestion, and completes in the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption occurs through the intestinal lining via active transport, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion, providing the body with essential nutrients for energy and growth.

Breathing involves the intake of oxygen and expulsion of carbon dioxide. In humans, it occurs through inhalation (air enters lungs, oxygen diffuses into bloodstream) and exhalation (carbon dioxide exits). Gas exchange happens in the alveoli of the lungs, where oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out.

The cell cycle and cell division are fundamental processes in cell biology that ensure growth, repair, and reproduction in living organisms. The cell cycle consists of interphase (G1, S, and G2 phases) and mitotic (M) phase. During interphase, the cell grows, duplicates its DNA (S phase), and prepares for division. Mitotic phase includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division), resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells. Cell cycle regulation ensures accurate...

Animals showcase diverse structural organization, from simple to complex. Single-celled organisms like amoebas exhibit minimal differentiation, while multicellular species display specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems. These intricate structures, adapted for specific functions, facilitate locomotion, digestion, respiration, circulation, and sensory perception, enabling animals to thrive in various environments.

Biotechnology principles and processes encompass a range of techniques and methodologies aimed at manipulating biological systems for various applications. Fundamental principles include genetic engineering, gene editing, cloning, and fermentation. Processes involve isolation and manipulation of DNA, gene transfer methods, recombinant DNA technology, and cultivation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). These tools find applications in medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental conse...

Bhor model, plank constant, hygenberg principal ,Rutherford model ,shodinger equation

Cells, the fundamental units of life, exhibit remarkable complexity. Encased in membranes, they house genetic material and organelles, orchestrating vital functions. From unicellular organisms to multicellular beings, cells proliferate, differentiate, and specialize. Their intricate machinery enables metabolism, growth, and reproduction, embodying the essence of life's dynamic processes and evolutionary potential