Nsg 557 exam - Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Define kinins. What effect do they have? Kinins: small polypeptides that cause powerful vasodilation --> Ex// Bradykinin, kallidin (kallidin converted to bradykinin) --> Linked to clotting system & activated with activation of clotting --> Activated kinins cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation & smooth muscle contraction & pain Cytokines polypeptide signaling molecules that affect the function of other cells by stimulating surface receptors—generally function as ...

escribe the determinants of Cardiac Output a. Explain the effect of change (e.g. increases or decreases) in any of the components. b. Differentiate between ejection fraction, stroke volume and cardiac output. Cardiac output: measure of amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute, ~5-6 L/min · CO = HR X SV o SV: amount of blood ejected from ventricle with each contraction o HR: primarily influenced by autonomic nervous system—detection of inadequate blood pressure, lack of O2,...

Define cell injury. Occurs when cell is stressed to the point that the cell is NO LONGER able to adapt OR stress is inherently damaging OR stress causes an intrinsic abnormality (ex// important macromolecule becomes nonfunctional). Can be reversible, generally irreversible— injured cells do not function normally. à Note: cell function is lost before biochemical & morphological manifestations of injury are detected à Cell injury may be reversible (cell may recover & return to normal/ne...

Describe the three types of cells in terms of their regenerative/proliferative capacity. - Labile cells: continue to proliferate throughout life à Epithelium of the skin, lining of the GI tract, lining of the lower GU tract, hematopoietic cells Stable cells: low level of replication, can regenerate when signaled à Parenchymal cells of the liver/kidney/pancreas, glandular cells, mesenchymal cells (smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts) Permanent cells: unable to proli...

Production of free fatty acids resulting from the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue. Describe glucose homeostasis in a fasting state lower blood glucose levels > stimulates glycogenolysis > rise in glucagon levels -> glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis > glucose production in fasting state Primary source of energy: free fatty acids produced by lipolysis Phase I anabolic/fed state (energy storage) 0-3.9 hours after eating circulating glucose predominately from an exogenous source...

Premature ventricular contractions, premature atrial contractions. Reentry Occurs when propagating impulse does not stop following normal activation of the heart, but persists and reexcites the heart after the refractory period Reentry - examples -Atrial Flutter -AVNRT -Scar-mediated VT (Ischemic CM, ARVC, Sarcoid)

proximal tubule functions 1. major site of electrolyte and glucose reabsorption 2. secretion of cations (creatinine, drugs) and anions (hippurate; diuretics, penicillins, cephalosporins) 3. ammoniagenesis 4. vitamin D conversion (1α-hydroxylation of 25(OH)Vit D to form 1,25 (OH)2-Vit D (calcitriol) proximal tubule (major site of reabsorption) magnesium 20% sodium 65% water 65% potassium 65% calcium 65-80% (sources vary) bicarbonate 80-90% phosphate 90% glucose 100%