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Expressiveness of natural language:  Very expressive, probably everything that can be expressed symbolically can be expressed in natural language (pictures, content of art, emotions are often hard to express)  Probably the most expressive knowledge representation formalism we have. Reasoning is very complex, hard to model Problems with natural language:  Natural language is often ambiguous.  The syntax and semantics are not fully understood.  There is little uniformity...

 Some issues:  Search trees grow very quickly  The size of the search tree is governed by the branching factor  Even this simple game tic-tac-toe has a complete search tree of 984,410 potential nodes  The search tree for chess has a branching factor of about

An over-used, over-loaded, and misused term.  Anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through its effectors to maximize progress towards its goals.  PAGE (Percepts, Actions, Goals, Environment)  Task-specific & specialized: well-defined goals and environment  The notion of an agent is meant to be a tool for analyzing systems, not an absolute characterization that divides the world into agents and non-agents...

 A goal directed agent needs to achieve certain goals. Such an agent selects its actions based on the goal it has.  Many problems can be represented as a set of states and a set of rules of how one state is transformed to another.  Each state is an abstract representation of the agent's environment.  It is an abstraction that denotes a configuration of the agent.  Initial state : The description of the starting configuration of the agent.  An action/ operator t...

 Game playing is not like this.  The opponent introduces uncertainty.  The opponent also wants to win  Game Playing has been studied for a long time  Babbage (tic-tac-toe)  Turing (chess) 

In our discussion of the rationality of the simple vacuum-cleaner agent, we had to specify the performance measure. the environment, and the agent's actuators and sensors. We group all these under the heading of the task environment. For the acronymically minded, we call PEAS this the PEAS (Performance, Environment, Actuators, Sensors) description. In designing an agent, the first step must always be to specify the task environment as filly as possible The vacuum world was a simple exa...

Given this scenario different interpretations have been used by different researchers as defining the scope and view of Artificial Intelligence. 1. One view is that artificial intelligence is about designing systems that are as intelligent as humans.  This view involves trying to understand human thought and an effort to build machines that emulate the human thought process.  This view is the cognitive science approach to AI. 2. The second approach is best embodied by the con...

The Internet is one of the most important developments in the history of both information systems and communication systems because it is both an information system and a communication system. The Internet was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969 as a network of four computers called ARPANET. Its goal was to link a set of computers operated by several universities doing military research. The original network grew as more computers and more computer networks were linked to it. ...

Question A certain mobile phone company charges its customers using per second billing. The tariff used is post paid. The following rules are used in the billing procedure. (a) Any call made after 6.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. is charged Kshs 4.00 per minute. (b) Any call made after 6.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m. is charged Kshs 3.00 per minute. (c) In addition to the above charges one also pays 16% Vat for calls taking longer than one minute. Required Write an object oriented Java program that can be u...

The objective of the course is to enable the student apply a high level language for solution of simple scientific problems, and for this purpose to manipulate the inputs/outputs of a computer Programme using Object Oriented Programming Techniques. Objectives At the end of the course a student is expected to: • Know all the high level language representation of mathematical functions • effectively use the different data types and variables, viz., numbers, character, and logical variable...