exam questions with answer ,class notes

Learning objectives In this chapter, you’ll learn: • classes of drugs used to treat neurologic and neuromuscular disorders uses and actions of these drugs • absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of these drugs • drug interactions and adverse reactions to these drugs. The neurologic, or nervous, system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (somatic and autonomic nervous systems). The neuromuscular syste...

THE RESEARCH PROCESS. A research process starts with a research problem What is a Research problem • According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) research problem is a question or concern that can be answered through the collection of data. • We can also say a research problem is a question of interest. Problem identification and formulation • The first step in the research development process is the problem identification. • First it involves indentifying the broad...

NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA GROWTH CYCLE • Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, a process by which one parent cell divides to form two progeny cells. Because one cell gives rise to two progeny cells, bacteria are said to undergo exponential growth (logarithmic growth). The concept of exponential growth can be illustrated by the following relationship:Thus, 1 bacterium will produce 16 bacteria after 4 generations. • The doubling (gener...

MENSTRUAL CYCLE R. NDERITU OVARIAN CYCLE  200,000 primordial follicles at birth in cortex of the ovary.  Some of these become cystic Graafian follicle.  Graafian follicle from puberty enlarges and one matures every month to give out an ovum. GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE  Ovum is situated at one end of Graafian follicle, encircled by narrow perivitelline space. Surrounding this are clump of cells discus cells radiate outward to form corona most cells of corona are very cle...

Adrenergic drugs Adrenergic drugs are also called sympathomimetic drugs because they produce effects similar to those produced by the sympathetic nervous system. Sort by chemical… Adrenergic drugs are classified into two groups based on their chemical structure: catecholamines (naturally occurring as well as synthetic) and noncatecholamines. …or by action Adrenergic drugs are also divided by how they act. They can be: • direct-acting, in which the drug acts directly on the ...

Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences Semester 3 Pathology Course P3 Cellular Adaptations in Disease Prof. James Lowe 5th October 1999 Cellular adaptations in disease Overview  Adaptability of cells to an altered environment  Physiological and pathological stimuli  Changes in growth pattern  Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, involution, metaplasia  Apoptosis  Growth factors  Role in altered environment Faculty of Medicine &...

TERMS USE IN RESEARCH . A VARIABLE. • A variable is a measurable characteristic. According to Leedy (1980) a variable is defined or manipulated in the research. • The characteristic of interest that researcher would like to handle, observe or manipulate in the research; could be age, sex, intelligence or academic performance. It is, therefore ,a component of a problem . • A variable is a type of quantity that may take one more than one value. • For example sex is ...

Antimicrobial agents Introduction • antibiotics- are natural substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms • chemotherapeutic agents - are chemically synthesized. • A hybrid substance is a semisynthetic antibiotic, wherein a molecular version produced by the microbe is subsequently modified by the chemist to achieve desired properties • The modern era of antimicrobial chemotherapy began in 1929, with Fleming's discovery of the powerful bactericidal su...

THE FOETAL SKULL The foetal skull contains a delicate brain, which may be subjected to great pressures as the head passes through the birth canal The landmarks of the skull are described as: • The vault, which lies between the orbital ridges and the nape of the neck- bones are thin and pliable so as to allow for alterations of the skull at birth, composed of the occipital bone, two parietal bones and two frontal bones. LANDMARKS CONT….PARTS  The base -comprised of f...

Drugs and the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system regulates the body’s involuntary functions, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and digestion. It works through a balance of its two main components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Types of drugs used to treat disorders of the autonomic nervous system include: • cholinergic drugs • anticholinergic drugs • adrenergic drugs • adrenergic blocking drugs. Cholinergic drugs Ch...