exam questions with answer ,class notes

COMPATIBILITY TESTING • As the knowledge of new blood group system increased, so did the search for more sensitive pre-transfusion compatibility testing methods. Pioneer blood bankers mixed the patient’s serum and the donor’s red cells and observed for direct red blood cells lysis, agglutination, or both. This became known as the major cross-match test. • The term compatibility test and cross-match are some times used interchangeably, they should be clearly differ...

Notes on Medical Microbiology for Nursing Contents Foreword .......................................................................................................vii Preface .............................................................................................................ix Acknowledgement ............................................................................................xi Syllabus ......................................................................................

Pathogenic Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli Corynebacteria (Genus Corynebacterium)  Corynbacteria/”corynform bacteria” are non-spore forming, gram positive bacilli that tends to be clubbed or irregularly shaped (coryne=club).  They are non-motile and it has a club shaped swelling at one or both ends, hence the name.  Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic  Small, pleomorphic (club-shaped), gram-positive bacilli that appear in short chains (“V” or “Y” confi...

CORYNEBACTERIA Morphology • Are gram positive bacilli • Have some swellings/ club shaped at the end • Polymorphic show variation in shape and size. Some are so short, others large • Stain irregularly due to the nature of their cell wall • They do not form spores • Do not have capsules, non motile • Facultative anaerobes • Several species Corynebacteria diphtheria This is the main pathogenic species in human • Collectively known as diptheroids or corynefor...

CROSS-MATCHING (Compatibility testing)  This is a laboratory procedure to determine serological compatibility between a blood donor and an intended recipient before blood is transfused.  Unknown serum is tested with known red cells in vitro to detect antibodies.  Negative results are always taken to indicate compatibility while positive results indicate incompatibility. Types of cross-match. (1)Major cross-match  In this procedure, the recipient serum is sampled against...

CT SCAN PATHOLOGY Thursday, September 26, 2024 A.N MALIK, DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY, JKUAT. 2 Thursday, September 26, 2024 A.N MALIK, DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY, JKUAT. 3 Thursday, September 26, 2024 A.N MALIK, DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN ANATOMY, JK

CELL PHYSIOLOGY

BREECH DELIVERY FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR: VAGINAL BREECH AT TERM  involves a longitudinal lie of the fetus,  with the buttocks in the lower pole of the maternal uterus.  The presenting diameter is the bitrochanteric (10 cm) and the denominator is the sacrum.  As pregnancy progresses, the incidence of breech presentation reduces: being around 15% at 28–32 weeks to around 3–4% by term as a result of spontaneous version (MIDIRS 2008b).  It is worth considering, th...

BRANCHES OF PATHOLOGY & DEFINITIONS OF TERMS. Dr. Mwale  There are two main branches of pathology: 1) General pathology: Focuses on the fundamental cellular and tissue responses to pathological stimuli. Eg inflammation, tumours or degenerations. 2) Systemic pathology: The descriptions of specific diseases as they affect individual organs or organ systems eg appendicitis, lung cancer and atheroma. Subdivisions of pathology  Gross pathology: aka macroscopic pathology, ...

Function and external structural organization 2 Comprises the midbrain, pons and medulla. Functions 1. Control of respiration 2. Control of the cardiovascular system 3. Partial control of gastrointestinal function 4. Control of many stereotyped movements of the body 5. Control of equilibrium 6. Control of eye movements 7. Conduit for fibers from higher centers 9/26/2024 A.N Malik, Department of Human Anatomy, JKUAT. Ventral view of the brain stem, in relation to cerebr...