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BLT4A Fundamentals of Taxation Exam 2024/2025 Latest Test Questions With Verified Solutions
BLT4A Fundamentals of Taxation Exam 
2024/2025 Latest Test Questions With Verified 
Solutions 
 
 
 
 
Power of taxation is legislative in nature. Therefore, the power 
to tax may not be delegated, except 
 
a. To local government units or political subdivisions. 
b. None of the above. 
c. When allowed by the Constitution. 
d. When delegation relates merely to administrative 
implementation that may call for some degree of discretionary 
powers under a set of sufficient standa...
- Exam (elaborations)
- • 17 pages •
BLT4A Fundamentals of Taxation Exam 
2024/2025 Latest Test Questions With Verified 
Solutions 
 
 
 
 
Power of taxation is legislative in nature. Therefore, the power 
to tax may not be delegated, except 
 
a. To local government units or political subdivisions. 
b. None of the above. 
c. When allowed by the Constitution. 
d. When delegation relates merely to administrative 
implementation that may call for some degree of discretionary 
powers under a set of sufficient standa...
blood_-_composition_anf_function
Blood: Its Composition and Function 
The blood in our circulatory system is a watery based fluid and consists of two basic components: 
1) Plasma (55%) and, 
2) Formed elements (45%) 
Part A: Plasma 
 The Plasma is the light yellow liquid portion of the blood and is about 90% 
water. Dissolved in the plasma are: 
1) Gases (e.g. nitrogen carbon dioxide, and oxygen) 
2) Ions (e.g. sodium, chloride and calcium) 
3) Nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acids) 
4) Hormones 
5) Proteins (most ...
- Class notes
- • 4 pages •
Blood: Its Composition and Function 
The blood in our circulatory system is a watery based fluid and consists of two basic components: 
1) Plasma (55%) and, 
2) Formed elements (45%) 
Part A: Plasma 
 The Plasma is the light yellow liquid portion of the blood and is about 90% 
water. Dissolved in the plasma are: 
1) Gases (e.g. nitrogen carbon dioxide, and oxygen) 
2) Ions (e.g. sodium, chloride and calcium) 
3) Nutrients (e.g. glucose, amino acids) 
4) Hormones 
5) Proteins (most ...
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
BLOOD 
 TRANSFUSION 
 Jared 
At the end of 30 minutes, the group should 
be able to: 
 •Define Blood Transfusion 
 •Identify purposes of the procedure 
 •Cite situations in which blood transfusion is needed 
 clinical 
 •Enumerate the different transfusion reactions with 
 its 
 signs 
 interventions 
 and appropriate nursing 
 •Classify and describe the different blood products 
 and how it is being used 
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 
 •It is a procedure in which a patient receives a 
 blood...
- Class notes
- • 27 pages •
BLOOD 
 TRANSFUSION 
 Jared 
At the end of 30 minutes, the group should 
be able to: 
 •Define Blood Transfusion 
 •Identify purposes of the procedure 
 •Cite situations in which blood transfusion is needed 
 clinical 
 •Enumerate the different transfusion reactions with 
 its 
 signs 
 interventions 
 and appropriate nursing 
 •Classify and describe the different blood products 
 and how it is being used 
BLOOD TRANSFUSION 
 •It is a procedure in which a patient receives a 
 blood...
preparation and staining of peripheral blood film
preparation and staining of peripheral blood film
- Class notes
- • 45 pages •
preparation and staining of peripheral blood film
blood grps and serum
blood grps and serum
- Class notes
- • 2 pages •
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS CASE DISCUSSION
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS CASE DISCUSSION 
Reference Ranges: PH (7.35 – 7.45), pCO2 (35 - 45) mmHg, pO2(80 – 100) mmHg , HCO3 (20 – 
30) mmol/L, Base Excess (+3 to -3), Sodium (135 – 145) mmol/L, Chloride (90 – 110) mmol/L, 
Potassium (3.5 -5.5) mmol/L 
1. A 24 year-old woman is found subconscious at Jevanjee Gardens by some bystanders. 
The medics are called and, upon arrival, find her with an oxygen saturation of 88% on 
room air. She is brought into the Kenyatta National Hospital (...
- Case
- • 3 pages •
BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS CASE DISCUSSION 
Reference Ranges: PH (7.35 – 7.45), pCO2 (35 - 45) mmHg, pO2(80 – 100) mmHg , HCO3 (20 – 
30) mmol/L, Base Excess (+3 to -3), Sodium (135 – 145) mmol/L, Chloride (90 – 110) mmol/L, 
Potassium (3.5 -5.5) mmol/L 
1. A 24 year-old woman is found subconscious at Jevanjee Gardens by some bystanders. 
The medics are called and, upon arrival, find her with an oxygen saturation of 88% on 
room air. She is brought into the Kenyatta National Hospital (...
Blood diseases
Blood is made up of cells, plasma and plasma 
proteins. 
 Blood dyscrasias & diseases may be derived 
from abnormalities in the different 
components of blood. 
 These include: 
 I. 
 Anaemia: Decrease in the number of RBCs/ Hb. 
 II. 
 Erythrocythemia: Increase in RBCs. 
 Types of anaemia: May involve disorders that affect shape, 
size, number & level of Hb of the erythrocytes. These 
include: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron deficiency anaemia 
 Pernicious...
- Class notes
- • 6 pages •
Blood is made up of cells, plasma and plasma 
proteins. 
 Blood dyscrasias & diseases may be derived 
from abnormalities in the different 
components of blood. 
 These include: 
 I. 
 Anaemia: Decrease in the number of RBCs/ Hb. 
 II. 
 Erythrocythemia: Increase in RBCs. 
 Types of anaemia: May involve disorders that affect shape, 
size, number & level of Hb of the erythrocytes. These 
include: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iron deficiency anaemia 
 Pernicious...
BLOOD COMPONENTS PREPARATION AND STORAGE
INTRODUCTION 
 Blood products 
 components prepared in a blood transfusion center (RBCs 
,platelets , FFP, cryoprecipitate) or 
 Plasma derivatives from pooled plasma donation (albumin, 
immunoglobulins, coagulation factors) 
 Blood components: Derivatives from whole blood of a donor by 
phlebotomy. 
 Prepared by centrifugation or apheresis. 
 RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma 
 
 Purpose of separation of components 
 1. Different components are useful for different patients 
 2...
- Class notes
- • 23 pages •
INTRODUCTION 
 Blood products 
 components prepared in a blood transfusion center (RBCs 
,platelets , FFP, cryoprecipitate) or 
 Plasma derivatives from pooled plasma donation (albumin, 
immunoglobulins, coagulation factors) 
 Blood components: Derivatives from whole blood of a donor by 
phlebotomy. 
 Prepared by centrifugation or apheresis. 
 RBCs, WBCs, platelets and plasma 
 
 Purpose of separation of components 
 1. Different components are useful for different patients 
 2...
BIRTH INJURIES
EPIDEMIOLOGY 
 2-7 of every 1,000 births result in birth injuries despite 
advances in obstertic and intrapartum care 
 Birth injuries account for 2%-3% of neonatal deaths ( 
5-8 deaths per 100,000). 
 Instrument deliveries ( vaacum or forcep) 
 Very low birth weight or extreme prematurity 
 
 Large babies – birth weight over about 4,000 grams 
 
 Fetal anomalies 
 PREDISPOSING FACTORS 
 Prolonged or rapid delivery 
 Cephalopelvic disproportion, small ma...
- Class notes
- • 10 pages •
EPIDEMIOLOGY 
 2-7 of every 1,000 births result in birth injuries despite 
advances in obstertic and intrapartum care 
 Birth injuries account for 2%-3% of neonatal deaths ( 
5-8 deaths per 100,000). 
 Instrument deliveries ( vaacum or forcep) 
 Very low birth weight or extreme prematurity 
 
 Large babies – birth weight over about 4,000 grams 
 
 Fetal anomalies 
 PREDISPOSING FACTORS 
 Prolonged or rapid delivery 
 Cephalopelvic disproportion, small ma...
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION TESTS
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION 
 TESTS 
 11.1 INTRODUCTION 
 In the previous chapter we have discussed various methods of isolation of 
 bacteria. The bacteria thus isolated needs to be further identified to genus and 
 species level. The identification is required so as to cure the illness or the 
 infection caused due to the bacteria by using appropriate antibiotics. Identification 
 also holds significance for epidemiological purposes. 
 OBJECTIVES 
 After reading this chapter, you will be able to ...
- Class notes
- • 13 pages •
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION 
 TESTS 
 11.1 INTRODUCTION 
 In the previous chapter we have discussed various methods of isolation of 
 bacteria. The bacteria thus isolated needs to be further identified to genus and 
 species level. The identification is required so as to cure the illness or the 
 infection caused due to the bacteria by using appropriate antibiotics. Identification 
 also holds significance for epidemiological purposes. 
 OBJECTIVES 
 After reading this chapter, you will be able to ...