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Tournament and competition are two forms of competitive events that involve individuals or teams competing against each other to achieve a goal. A tournament is a series of matches or games in which players or teams compete against each other, and the winner is determined by their overall performance in the tournament. Tournaments are often structured with elimination rounds, where the losers of each round are eliminated until only one winner remains. In contrast, a competition is typically a...

The Huygens principle is a theory that describes the behavior of waves, including light waves. According to this principle, every point on a wavefront can be considered as a source of secondary wavelets that spread out in all directions with the same frequency and wavelength as the original wave. These secondary wavelets then combine through interference to produce the shape of the wavefront at a later time. The Huygens principle explains phenomena such as diffraction, reflection, and refract...

Semiconductors are materials that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. The most common semiconductor material is silicon, which is widely used in electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Doping is a process used to introduce impurities into the semiconductor material to modify its electrical properties. This is done by adding small amounts of other elements, such as phosphorus or boron, which can create either n-type or p-type...

Chapter Ray Optics in class 12th deals with the study of light and its behavior when it passes through different optical media such as lenses, mirrors, and prisms. It explains the fundamental principles of optics such as reflection, refraction, and dispersion. The chapter also covers the topics of optical instruments such as microscopes and telescopes. It is an important chapter for students pursuing science in class 12th as it lays the foundation for advanced topics in optics