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atrophy - ANSshrinking in cellular size; capable of making entire organ to shrink, but most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs, and the brain; aging causes brain cells to atrophy, and endocrine dependent organs to become dependent hypertrophy - ANSincrease cellular size associated with an increased accumulation of protein in the cellular components and not with increase in cellular fluid; most prone are the heart and kidneys; triggers for hypertrophy- mechanical, ex....

Normal Blood Gas Values - ANSpH: 7.35 - 7.45 PaO2: 80 - 100 mmHg PaCO2: 35 - 45 mmHg ventilation - ANSability to clear CO2 oxygenation - ANSthe process of delivering oxygen to the blood causes for CO2 increase - ANS-CO2 is being produced but not being exhaled quickly enough -increase in CO2 by increased metabolism like fever or exercise -PaCO2 in ABG is increased therefore pH decreases -as CO2 accumulates, peripheral and central chemoreceptors signal brain to increase RR -PaCO...

What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell - ANS• Well define nucleus. • cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization than do prokaryotes. • cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling of DNA. • cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis . it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles...

CAD Risk Factors: Non-modifiable - ANSage genetic disposition family history ethnic background gender CAD risk factors - ANSAge >55 male fam hx personal hx peripheral vasc/Cerebrovascular disease smoking lipid abnorm DM HTN obesity sedentary cocaine estrogen use dyslipidemia - high LDL, low HDL, high triglycerides what happens when LDL becomes oxidized - ANSbecomes oxidized when exposed to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cell then exposed to macrophages becomes ...

A certain disease is currently found in 1 of every 10 people in the country and 1,000 people contract the disease yearly. The population of the country is 4,500,000. Which of the following statements is correct? a. The prevalence of the disease is 10% and the incidence is .02%. b. The prevalence of the disease is .02% and the incidence is 10%. c. Neither is correct. d. There is insufficient data - ANSA In relation to disease development, the term "etiology" refers to which of the follo...

What is the probable cause of cellular swelling in the early stages of cell injury? - ANSNa-K pump fails to remove intracellular Na+ The mechanism for liver damage related to chronic alcoholism is: - ANS-Oxidative stress -Chemical asphyxiation Free radicals cause damage by - ANSGiving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane The loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: - ANSSwell because of the influx of sodium chlo...

Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? A) lysosomes B) peroxisomes C) ribosomes D) oxyhydrosomes - ANSAns: B- peroxisomes What is a consequence of plasma membrane damage to the mitochondria? A) enzymatic digestion halts deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthese B) influx of calcium ions halts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production C) edema from an influx in sodium causes ...

Normal Blood Gas Values - ANSpH: 7.35 - 7.45 PaO2: 80 - 100 mmHg PaCO2: 35 - 45 mmHg ventilation - ANSability to clear CO2 oxygenation - ANSthe process of delivering oxygen to the blood causes for CO2 increase - ANS-CO2 is being produced but not being exhaled quickly enough -increase in CO2 by increased metabolism like fever or exercise -PaCO2 in ABG is increased therefore pH decreases -as CO2 accumulates, peripheral and central chemoreceptors signal brain to increase RR -PaCO...

Describe the extrinsic activation in apoptosis - ANSExtracellular signaling binds to the receptors on the surface of the cell (TNF) which activates intracellular apoptotic enzymes Describe the intrinsic activation in apoptosis - ANSMitchondria activated Cytochrome-C Proteins trigger the intracellular apoptotic enzymes Triggered by the lack of ATP Describe the steps of apoptosis - ANS1. Nucleus condenses and DNA clumps 2. DNA is enzymatically digested into uniform segments and length ...

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