NSG 533 / NSG533 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY COVERING EXAMS 1,2,3, AND 4. QUESTIONS WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS. LATEST 2024/2025

Complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to enzymatic degradation by endonucleases. Karyolysis -these 3 changes (Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis lead to destruction of the nucleus- which will eventually cause the cell to die) Discuss the relationship of apoptosis to AIDS...

Depression in pregnancy: depression Pregnant patients with severe unipolar major depression who were successfully treated with antidepressants prior to pregnancy should generally receive the same drug during pregnancy. For patients who have not been treated with antidepressants in the past, we sug...

Risk factors for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis Common bugs for URI Antibiotics for the treatment of otitis media Antibiotics for the treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis Risk factors for cellulitis Etiologies of Cellulitis What if MRSA is suspected in cellulitis? ...

Tumor invasion vs metastasis Invasion: first step; local spread; possibly by direct extension -Metastasis: spread to distant tissues/organs, contributes to S/S of cancer Metastasis requisites Must be able to invade blood and lymph vessels (neoangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis) -Must survive ...

How to treat thyroid storm? Medications such as propylthiouracil or methimazole), beta-blockers, corticosteroids, iodine and supportive care Plasma exchange or thyroidectomy may be used when all else fails Clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism thin hair exopthalamos enlarged thyroid (wa...

What is the hypothesized role of adipose tissue in fatty liver disease? visceral fat releases signals that disrupt how the body handles glucose and fat leading to more fat being stored in the liver Excess fat in liver causes liver distress Why does liver damage occur from the hypothesized role ...

What are the prevention strategies in acute otitis media (AOM)? What are the risk factors of AOM? What are the etiologies of AOM? what are the risk factors for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ARBS)? What are the etiologies of ARBS? What is the treatment regimen for uncomplicat...

How to take bile acid sequestrants Bempedoic Acid can increase Lipid lowering agents that are safe in pregnancy Most effective triglyceride lowering drugs PCSK9 inhibitors APTT range for heparin therapy Warfain inhibits which clotting factors? INR value...

List sources of lead in the environment Water, artificial turf, imported candy, alternative medicines and herbal remedies, sindoor, old and imported toys, and occupational hazards. What are the hematological, renal, and skeletal effects of plumbism in children? -Anemia, -damaged proximal tu...

Tx for bipolar -Lithium ("A") was the first medication approved for treatment of bipolar mania and depression. It reduces the incidence of recurrence of mania, hypomania, and depression by about two-thirds. Lithium has a significant anti-suicide effect with an estimated eight- to ninefold red...

Adipocytes vs Adipokines Cytes: cells; stores triglycerides Kines: hormones; control food intake, energy expenditures, lipid storage, insulin sensitivity, etc Obesogens -Chemicals that stimulate fat development and disrupt hormone signals -Can cross placenta and in breast milk, passed down in...

calculate cariac output heart rate x stroke volume factors that determine cardiac output what is preload? two factors that determine preload: two factors that impact end systolic volume what is afterload? three factors that impact myocardial contractility: ...

MODS: mortality The mortality rate increases with increased number of organ dysfunctions 20% mortality rate if there is 1 organ dysfunction 40-45% mortality rate if there are 2 organs dysfunctions 68-70% mortality rate if there are 3 organ dysfunctions 80-85% mortality rate if there are 4 ...

Progressive Stage of Shock Compensatory mechanisms are failing, anaerobic metabolism fails to maintain energy needs. Profound vasodilation from SNS failure results in ischemia, increasing lactic acid, metabolic acidosis, increased capillary pressure/interstitial edema, altered cellular functioning ...