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Samenvatting Chemie Overal vwo 5 - H 14
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Samenvatting scheikunde vwo 5 - H14; chemie van het leven
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Scheikunde samenvatting - H14Koolhydraten (sachariden/suikers) = koolstofverbindingen met 5 of meer C-atomen
en minstens 3 OH-groepen.
• Algemene formule: CnH2mOm
• Koolhydraten worden in lichaam gehydrolyseerd tot monosachariden (glucose en
fructose)
Monosacharide = suikers bestaand uit één ringvormige eenheid van 5 of 6 C-atomen.
• Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆
• ⍺-D-glucose en β-D-glucose (verschil in ruimtelijke oriëntatie van groepen rond C-
atoom op plaats 1)
• Glucose is reductor > glucose omgezet in sorbitol is oxidator
• Glucose in lineaire structuur (door aldehydegroep): aldose
• Fructose:
• Oxidator
• Fructose in lineaire structuur (door ketongroep): ketose
Disacharide = suiker ontstaan door condensatiereactie van twee monosacharide-
eenheden.
• Molecuulformule: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Hydrolyse = uit disacharide ontstaan, door reactie met water, twee monosachariden.
Polysacharide = polymeren van monosacharidemoleculen.
Polycondensatie van glucose:
• Cellulose (monomeer β-D-glucose, met -C-O-C-groep)
• Zetmeel (monomeer ⍺-D-glucose)
• Glycogeen (monomeer ⍺-D-glucose)
Vetten + oliën (lipiden) = esters van glycerol en vetzuren; triglyceriden.
• Vetzuren bestaan uit lange onvertakte ketens met even aantal C-atomen.
• Bij sommige vetzuren komen een of meer dubbele bindingen voor > ruimtelijke
oriëntatie is altijd cis-vorm.
• Vetzuur verzadigd > vanderwaalsbinding sterker > hoger smeltpunt > vast
• Vetzuur onverzadigd > vanderwaalsbinding zwakker > lager smeltpunt > vloeibaar
(olie)
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