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Samenvatting Inleiding Methodologie En Statistiek
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Tentamenstof Methodologie &Statistiek
o Berg hoofdstuk 1
o Berg hoofdstuk 2
o Berg hoofdstuk 7 (73-81)
o Berg hoofdstuk 8 (85-89)
o Berg hoofdstuk 10 (121-130)
o Berg hoofdstuk 12 (179- 180)
o Berg hoofdstuk 13
o Berg hoofdstuk 14
o Berg hoofdstuk 15
o Berg hoofdstuk 16
o Brinkman 2 (2.2, 2.5, 2.9 en 2.10 )
o Brinkman 6
o Brinkman 7 (tot en met 7.3)
Hoorcollege 1
Hoorcollege 2
Hoorcollege 3
Hoorcollege 4
Hoorcollege 5
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,Hoofdstuk 1 Introduction to research
Research, simply put, is a way to gather information and make a
sound decision or judgement or develop new knowledge.
A common misconception about research is that many ppl view research
as dull, theoretical and impractical while it isn’t.
People may not realize that many proffesionals use research techniques in their work.
HPER: health, physical education and recreation. Most of research done by professionales in
HPER is application oriented simply bc our disciplines evolved from a host
of other traditional, longstanding academic fields.
Staying reasonably up to date with the rapidly developing knowledge of today is
a demanding task even for the most dedicated professional. Professionals with research
training should be able to detect the limitations of statements in advertisements
With a good understanding of the fundamentals of
research you are not only more likely to read research but also far
more likely to comprehend it. Knowing how to efficiently acces sources of information is
a critical skill for the modern HPER proffesional.
The scientific method: the time-honored procedure used by scientists and most researchers
to solve problems or discover new knowledge.
State the problem --> theory --> testable/measurable hypothesis --> measure --> testing --
> generalisation/conclusion.
Most ppl looking for answers probaly have some bias favoring one answer/outcome. Given t
he potential bias that many of us may have when making comparisons, statistics are needed
to reduce the subjectivity in analyzing data. If the difference between the two groups is too s
mall to be significant, one can be reasonably confident that the difference is due to other fac
tors, such as chance and measurement error. The state of knowledge of a topic at any time
must be thought of as a temporary state, with future modifications.
Inductive and deductive reasoning:
Inductive reasoning: based on making a conclusion or generalization based on
a limited number of observations. Thus, it proceeds from the specific to the general. All rese
arch that makes interferences or generalizations about the study uses this form
of reasoning. One can readily understand why researchers prefer to have
a reasonable number of subjects in a study.
The formation of theory from fact is also based on inductive reasoning bc a generalization is
made on a limited number of observations.
Deductive reasoning: is the reverse, it proceeds from general to specific. The application of
research is also based on deductive reasiong. We assume that what occured in a sample of
subjects in a study may also occur in other ppl similar to the subjects.
Inductive and deductive reasoning obviously do not always produce sound conclusions.
2
, Fact: the consistency is determined with statistics that indicate wheter the change is
more likely to be due to the effect of the variable or to chance. If the balance of
studies detect similar change in a variable at some point a fact has been engendered.
Theory: is the integration of many facts into the explanation of
a phenomenon. This complex process attempts to adress most facts associated with the phe
nomenon.
Principle: One of the most vital reasons for conductiong research besides simply understandi
ng ourselves and the world we live in is to guide behaviour.
Guides to behaviour that are based on fact and theory are called principles.
There are also less scientific methods: e.g. making decisions based on tradition,
trial and error, and bias. Although, the scientific method is not perfect, it probaly will yield th
e best information in most situations.
Basic and Applied research:
Basic research: typically deals with theoretical concepts and has
no immediate concern with aplication. This research is conducted primarily for the sake
of knowledge alone.
Applied research: is done with a specific question or application in ind.
Location of research:
Field research: is done outside the tightly controlled environment of the labratory
Lab research: conducted under more
‘’sterile’’ conditions, which allows researchers to exert tighter control
over an experiment. This facilitates sound research
but somewhat limits the application of the results. Irl, many factors
affect learning other than the experimental variable, and field research allows these
factors to operate.
Internal validity: is the soundness or overall quality of
research. Were measures accurately and reliably made? Were appropriate statistical techiqu
es used to analyze the data? Was the study conducted in a
way that allows the possible effect
of an independent variable to be demonstrated adequately? Laboratory research generally is
characterized by higher internal validity than field
research bc of the relatively tight controls that may be placed on a study.
External validity: deals // the potential application of the results of a study,
or its generalizability. Field
research often allows greater potential for application than labaratory research bc it is condu
cted in an environment more likely to be similar to conditions outside the experiment.
Independent variable: is one that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher
Dependent variable: is the behaviour that is measured to determine whether it is affected b
y the independent variable.
Characteristics of the researcher: Open-Mindedness, Knowledge of
a specific subjec, intellectual curiosity, perseverance, honesty
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