THE COLD WAR ARTS & HUMANITIES HISTORY ALL SOLUTION 100% CORECT SPRING FALL-2023/24 LATEST SOLUTION GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Capitalism Wealthy people invest money into industries, employ workers and keep profits. There is a democratic system with political parties Communism Classless society, land and industry owned by the state and profits used for good of all people. One political party, no elections. Churchill British Prime Minister from 1941 to 45 and again 1951-55. Franklin D Roosevelt President of USA Joseph Stalin Leader of the Soviet Union (USSR) 1922-53 Who attended the Yalta Conference, February 1945? Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin What was decided at the Yalta Conference? Germany would be split into 4 zones of occupation, usa, russia, france england equal section, birlin also split into 4. Once Germany was defeated, the ussr would join the war against japan, United nations formed to replace the league of nations. East european countries liberated from nazi occ., free democratic elections would be held. Stalin allowed a 'sphere of influence' in eastern europe composed of satellite states. What happened between February and July 1945 that increased tensions between US&England and the USSR? Poland: The pro soviet Lublin poles had gained full control. USA successfully tested the Atomic Bomb (July 1945 pre-17th July) but didn't tell USSR. Truman became president, more anticommunist than Roosevelt. Attlee became Prime Minister of England, less opinionated than Truman & Stalin. All Eastern European countries liberated from Nazi occupation, but were under soviet occupation instead and no democratic elections occurred. What was decided at the Potsdam Conference, July 1945? Germany divided as agreed at Yalta. Allies to receive reparations. Polands eastern border extended west to rivers Oder and Neisse. The Nazi Party banned and leaders to be tried as war criminals. What were the major disagreements at Potsdam? Soviet Union wanted to impose huge reparations, Truman prevented this. Soviet union wanted to share in the occupation of Japan once defeated, Truman refused. Britain & USA wanted bigger say in Eastern Europe, did not accept that Stalin had the right to set up pro-Soviet govs in countries. Stalin said it had been agreed at Yalta. When did the Soviet Union successfully test an atomic bomb? August 29th 1949. When was the iron curtain speech made? Made by Churchill at Fulton, Missouri, on 5th March 1946. Increased tensions Why did the USSR seek to dominate Eastern Europe? According to Stalin, the Soviet Union did this as a defensive measure to create a buffer zone between them and Germany (As germany had invaded twice in the last 30 years) an establishment of communist governments and satellite states would make it more difficult. However the West, particularly USA, thought it was taking the first steps towards world domination & that Western life was under threat. What happened to the Baltic States at the end of the war? Baltic states (made up of latvia, lithuania, and estonia plus eastern poland) formally annexed to the USSR so the USSR in effect extended its borders by 500km west. It had occupied Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia during the war with Finland from 1930-40 & it had occupied eastern poland under the Nazi Soviet pact of 1939 even though Germans occupied from 1941-45 What happened to Czechoslovakia at the end of the war? Initially Coalition gov ruled, from 1946 Communists were largest party in coalition. 1948 communists used army to seize control, many non communists arrested and the non communist foreign secretary Jan Masaryk, was murdered. Rigged elections held, communists won by landslide. Other parties banned. What happened to East Germany? In 1949 it became a separate communist state called the German Democratic Republic What happened to Romania at the end of the War? Post nazi expulsion, coalition gov dominated by communists. feb 1945, soviets forced the king to appoint a communist prime minister. By mid 1945 communists were in control. In 1947 monarchy was abolished. What happened to Yugoslavia at the end of the war? the Communist resistance fought against Germans & in 1945 the leader Marshal Tito was elected president. Relations deteriorated between Tito & Stalin as it became clear Tito would not follow orders from Moscow. Yugoslavia was expelled from Cominform and economic sanctions (impositions placed on a state in order to coerce it) against them applied for. Tito countered by taking aid from the west What happened to Greece at the end of the war? Communists not successful. Civil war fought and non communists supported by Britain and USA. Stalin kept promise to not aid greek communists who were finally defeated in 1949. What was agreed at Yalta 1945? 1. Split Germany into 4 zones of occupation 2. Nazi war criminals to trial 3. War against Japan - revenge for attack on Pearl Harbour 4. Europe - 'soviet sphere of influence' for Stalin What was going on behind the scenes at Yalta 1945? 1. Churchill feared rapid spread of communism 2. Roosevelt suspicious of Churchill's aims 3. Stalin feared that Churchill an Roosevelt would intervene in his plan to turn countries communist 4. Churchill feared Roosevelt was too easy on Stalin Explain why it was difficult to reach agreement at the Potsdam Conference. (6 mark) - 1st para P. Soviet policy in Europe was a main disagreement between the superpowers E. Stalin = wanted pro-Soviet governments in Europe, by expand his territory and so he could enforce a communist government in each country- aim Truman = feared Soviet invasion, as it would result in rapid spread of communism, therefore took the policy of containment, to stop communism spreading so it couldn't reach America and take over the democratic government E. This means these contrasting views conflicted with each other, because they were completely unnegociable, as Truman was very anti-communist and Stalin was very pro-communist What decisions about Germany were taken at Yalta and Potsdam? 1. 4 zones of occupation 2. Reparations - Russia allowed to take need more.... Explain why it was difficult to reach agreement at the Potsdam Conference. (6 mark) - 2nd para P. Reparations was another disagreement between the Big Three E. Stalin - wanted compensation from Germany, felt strongly than Germany should pay as it was their fault that the terrible war had to be fought and caused loss of so many people but also land Truman - Not want to repeat mistake of TofV - all the paying back of Germany aroused more hatred and anger of the Germans resulting in WW2. These reparations will damage international relations severely E. This again meant the leaders were so firm in their views, that they could not find any way to negotiate and come somewhere in the middle. None of them wanted to change or negotiate, not only due to their conflicting political ideologies but here due to their poor experiences from the war or the treaty. Explain why the wartime allies disagreed about Poland in 1945? (6mark) - 1st para P. The main reason why the war time allies disagreed about Poland was due to the communist ideology. E. In this ideology, there was no voting as part of the procedure to choose which candidate becomes dictator, and the Polish public would have no right to choose the way they want to live and the leader they want to rule. They would have no freedom and therefore no true happiness and state of mind. E. Therefore, the allies were worried about these people, and how they would make the transition from being in a republic country to a communist state. Explain why the wartime allies disagreed about Poland in 1945? (6mark) - 2nd para P. Truman and Atlee were both anti-communist and didn't want Poland to be ruled by the Soviet Union mainly due to fear of communism (the Red Scare). CONTINUED...