Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam with 100% Correct Answers 2023

passive immunity - Correct answer-involves the transfer of plasma containing preformed antibodies against a specific antigen from a protected or immunized person to an unprotected or non-immunized person. (ex: mom to baby) Potassium Value - Correct answer-3.5-5.0 mEq/L Sodium value - Correct answer-135-145 mEq/L Calcium value - Correct answer-9-11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Phosphate value - Correct answer-2.5-4.5 mg/dL Magnesium value - Correct answer-1.5-2.5 mEq/L Low or high potassium - Correct answer-hypokalemia / hyperkalemia low or high sodium - Correct answer-hyponatremia / hypernatremia low or high phosphate - Correct answer-hypophophatemia low or high chloride - Correct answer-hypochloremia low or high magnesium - Correct answer-hypomagnesemia low or high calcium - Correct answer-hypocalcemia Pathophysiology - Correct answer-the study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings Pathology - Correct answer-the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells, and bodily fluids Etiology - Correct answer-The study of the causes and origins of disease pathogenesis - Correct answer-development or evolution of a disease clinical manifestation - Correct answer-signs and symptoms or evidence of disease exacerbation - Correct answer-a relatively sudden increase in the severity of a disease or any of its signs and symptom remission - Correct answer-decline in severity of symptoms sequela - Correct answer-a disorder or condition usually resulting from a previous disease or injury acute - Correct answer-sudden onset and short duration chronic - Correct answer-long term Primary level of prevention - Correct answer--addresses needs of healthy clients, prevents disease ex: immunization programs, health ed in school, car seat education Secondary level of prevention - Correct answer--conduction activities that help prevent a worsening health status -identifying disease, screening ex: early detection & treatment of type 2 diabetes Tertiary level of prevention - Correct answer--supports optimal functioning -prevents long term consequences of a chronic illness or disability ex: preventing pressure ulcer, promoting independence after brain injury 3 stages of adaptation (GAS) - Correct answer-alarm, adaptation/resistance, exhaustion adaptation/resistance stage - Correct answer-trying to return to homeotasis, once in this state, bringing them back to normal is risky able to function through adaptation alarm stage - Correct answer-fight or flight response reduced resistance to stressors all perfusion to major organs digestion stops Suppressed immune response catecholamines (epi and norepi) adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldostrone) exhaustion stage - Correct answer-cannot return to homeostasis, energy sources depleted, disease process sets in and permanent symptoms show up. Fluid excretion from? - Correct answer-skin(sweating), lungs(exhaling), bowels, urine (largest amount from urine) Causes of fluid deficits - Correct answer-Vomiting, diarrhea what is the electrolyte pool? - Correct answer-bone marrow (calcium, magnesium, phosphate) causes of edema - Correct answer-increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, increased capillary permeability Hypokalemia S/S - Correct answer-Fatigue Muscle weakness Abd distention, bloating, hypoactive bowels sounds, constipation Dysrhythmias, Flat T waves on ECG Hyperkalemia S/S - Correct answer-Muscle weakness, Mild cramping, hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea Bradycardia, Dysrhythmias, Tall T waves on ECG, Cardiac arrest Hypocalcemia S/S - Correct answer-Diarrhea, Numbness, Tingling of extremities and around mouth, Convulsions, Positive Chvostek sign, Positive Trousseau sign, painful cramps ('charlie horses') Brady, brittle bones, Hypercalcemia S/S - Correct answer-Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia, N/V, Polyuria, confusion, increased HR and BP, Dysrhythmias, blood clots form easily, risk for DVT Hyponatremia S/S - Correct answer-N/V, hyperactive bowel sounds, Weakness, Lethargy, Confusion, Muscle cramps, Twitching, Seizures, Coma, Death Hypernatremia S/S - Correct answer-S = Skin flushed A = Agitation L = Low-grade fever T = Thirst eye twitching Hypophosphatemia S/S - Correct answer-↓Cardiac Output and Contractility Slowed Respirations Weakness ↓DTR ↓Bone Density Irritability/Confusion/Seizures ↓Platelet aggregation ↑Bleeding Immunosupression Hyperphosphatemia S/S - Correct answer-Causes hypocalcemia: +Trousseau's and Chvosteks Hypomagnesemia S/S - Correct answer-Torsades de Pointes (tornado in the heart) Afib, Vfib, Prolonged QT, flattened T wave, N/T, painful muscle contractions, decreased GI, constipations, nausea, paralytic ileus Hypermagnesemia S/S - Correct answer-Brady, hypotension, cardiac arrest, lethargy, coma, resp failure, death Hyperkalemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: ACE inhibitors, kidney failure, multiple blood transfusions, excessive or too rapid IV potassium Treatment: Excrete excess potassium (with drugs), force potassium from ECF back into cells Hypokalemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: Diuretic use, N/V, NPO too long, unbalanced diet, corticosteroids, prolonged ng suctioning, water intoxication Treatment: Replace potassium either IV or PO Hypernatremia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: Kidney failure, long term corticosteroid use, excessive sodium intake (diet or IV), watery diarrhea, dehydration Treatment: Hemodialysis for kidney failure, fluid replacement for water loss, diuretics to help rid body of excess fluid and sodium Hyponatremia causes and treatment - Correct answer-causes: Diuretic use, excessive sweating, NPO for too long, excessive consumption of water/beer/other hypertonic fluids Treatment: if caused by diuretics, doses of those drugs will need to be changes or discontinued Hypercalcemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: hyperparathyroidism, malignant tumors, kidney failure, excessive calcium or vitamin d supplements, prolonged immobility Treatment: Cardiac monitoring, interventions depend on cause but drug therapy can be used to reduce levels. If caused by diuretics, dosage changed/discontinued Hypocalcemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption (from Crohn's or Celiac) immobility, diarrhea, inadequate oral calcium intake Treatment: focus on replacing calcium and/or vitamin D, until corrected keep patients on seizure precautions, in a low stimulus environment Hyperphosphatemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: increased phosphate intake, shift from cells to EFC, decreased phosphate excretion Treatment: Hypophosphatemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: decreased phosphate intake, shift from ECF to cells, increased phosphate excretion. Treatment: Hypermagnesemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: Kidney disease, overuse of magnesium-containing antacids or laxatives, excessive mag intake, IV mag replacement therapy Treatment: If caused by excessive intake, decrease it, if due to kidney failure dialysis is used, if no kidney failure, give IV fluids to dilute, or loop diuretics to help excretion. Hypomagnesemia causes and treatment - Correct answer-Causes: Diuretic use, inadequate intake, chronic alcoholism, diarrhea, celiac, crohns, chemo, anti-rejection drugs, mass transfusion Treatment: replacement with mag sulfate, monitor closely to prevent hypermag Chloride value - Correct answer-97-107 mEq/L Which hormones move electrolytes from the pool to the ECF? - Correct answerepinephrine Components of the Immune System - Correct answer-(1) skin and mucous membranes; (2) the mononuclear phagocyte system; (3) the lymphoid system, including spleen, thymus gland, and lymph nodes; and (4) bone marrow. AND B cells; T cells 5 cardinal signs of inflammation - Correct answer-heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function active immunity - Correct answer-confers a protected state attributable to the body's immune response as a result of active infection or immunization. (ex: immunizations, having the chicken pox) Hormones released during GAS - Correct answer-catecholamines (epi and norepi) adrenocortical steroids (cortisol and aldosterone) endorphines and enkephalins (endogenous opiods, increase pain threshold, produce sedation and euphoria) Immune cytokines (enhance immune system, when prolonged they suppress it) Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) Growth hormone Oxytocin (female "tend+befriend" vs fight or flight) passive transport - Correct answer-requires no energy, along the gradient from high concentration to low (ex: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion) active transport - Correct answer-requires energy, against the gradient from low concentration to high (ex: endocytosis (entering cell), exocytosis(exiting cell), and protein pumps) osmosis - Correct answer-passive transport using pressure, moving from high to low Dehydration (etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment) - Correct answer-Causes: vomiting, diarrhea, removal of saline from the body causes extracellular volume deficit and removal of extra water from the body causes hypernatremia, the combination is dehydration. S/S: hard stools, sudden weight loss, rapid pulse, oliguria, prolonged capillary refill time, decreased skin turgor, dry mouth, absence of sweat and tears, confusion, lethargy, thirst Treatment: replenish fluids PO or IV Extracellular fluid content (in relation to bicarb) - Correct answerantimicrobial resistance - Correct answer-occurs when pathogens undergo changes that allow them to resist antimicrobials (Ex: MRSA) Inflammation Etiology and S/S - Correct answerpg 169 3 purposes - Correct answerExcessive immune response p1046 - Correct answerclassification of antibodies and what theyre responsible for - Correct answermediators of acute inflammation - Correct answer-histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes test measures for inflammation - Correct answerProperties of cancer cell - Correct answereffects of cancer on the body - Correct answer-pain weakness immune suppression infection Compartment Syndrome Etiology - Correct answer-Causes: decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally applied pressure The 5 P's of compartment syndrome are: - Correct answer-pain, paralysis, parasthesia, palor, pulselessness Osteoporosis - Correct answer-A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. muscular dystrophy - Correct answer-group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness Fibromyalgia - Correct answer-chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the muscles and fibrous soft tissue myasthenia gravis - Correct answer-a chronic AUTOIMMUNE disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles Osteoarthritis - Correct answer-a degenerative joint disease in which the cartilage covering the surface of bone becomes thinner and rougher (noninflammatory) rheumatoid arthritis - Correct answer-a chronic AUTOIMMUNE disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked Psoriatic arthritis - Correct answer-An infl