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Samenvatting neuroanatomie
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1. Overzicht van de functie en de structuur van het zenuwstelsel .................................................................... 31.1 Anatomische opdeling van het zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Drie algemene functies van het zenuwstelsel .............................................................................................. 3
1.2.3 Oefening ................................................................................................................................................ 4
2. Zenuwweefsel .............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Een neuron .................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 De bouw ................................................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 De neurogliacellen ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2.1 De functies ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Soorten neurogliacellen en de lokalisatie ............................................................................................. 6
3. Actiepotentiaal ............................................................................................................................................. 6
3.1 Verloop van het actiepotentieel .................................................................................................................... 7
4. De synaps ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 De bouw van de synaps ................................................................................................................................ 8
4.2 Werking van de synaps ................................................................................................................................. 9
4.3 Neurotransmitters ........................................................................................................................................ 9
5. Menings ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 Dura mater.................................................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Arachnoidea ................................................................................................................................................ 11
5.3 Pia mater .................................................................................................................................................... 11
6. Cerebrospinaal vocht.................................................................................................................................. 11
7. De hersenen ............................................................................................................................................... 12
7.1 De hersenventrikels ..................................................................................................................................... 12
7.2 De truncus cerebri ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Mesencephalon ............................................................................................................................................ 13
Pons .............................................................................................................................................................. 14
Medulla oblongata ....................................................................................................................................... 14
7.3 Cerebellum .................................................................................................................................................. 14
7.4 Diencephalon .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Thalamus ...................................................................................................................................................... 14
Epithalamus .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Hypothalamus .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Het limbisch systeem ................................................................................................................................... 15
7.5 Het cerebrum .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Cerebrale cortext .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Basale kernen ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Witte stof...................................................................................................................................................... 18
0
,8. Het ruggenmerg ......................................................................................................................................... 18
8.1 Anatomie van de doorsnede van het ruggenmerg ..................................................................................... 19
8.2 Spinale reflexen ........................................................................................................................................... 20
9. Perifeer zenuwstelsel ................................................................................................................................. 20
9.1 Algemene bouw van een zenuw ................................................................................................................. 20
9.2 Spinale zenuw ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Cervicale plexus ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Plexus brachialis ........................................................................................................................................... 22
1. n. axillaris......................................................................................................................................... 22
2. n. musculocutaneus ........................................................................................................................ 22
3. n. medianus ..................................................................................................................................... 22
4. n. radialis ......................................................................................................................................... 23
5. n. ulnaris .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Plexus lumbosacralis .................................................................................................................................... 24
1. n. obturatorius ................................................................................................................................ 24
2. n. femoralis...................................................................................................................................... 24
3. n. inshiadicus ................................................................................................................................... 24
a. n. tibialis ...................................................................................................................................... 25
b. n. fibularis communis .................................................................................................................. 25
Samenvatting................................................................................................................................................ 26
9.3 Hersenenzenuwen ....................................................................................................................................... 27
n. olfactorius................................................................................................................................................. 27
N opticus....................................................................................................................................................... 28
n. trigeminus ................................................................................................................................................ 28
n. facialis ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
n. vestibulocochlearis ................................................................................................................................... 29
10. Autonoom zenuwstelsel ........................................................................................................................... 29
10.1 Verschillen tussen het somatisch en het autonoom zenuwstelsel ............................................................ 30
10.2 Verschillen tussen de effecten van de sympathicus en de parasympathicus ............................................ 30
1. a. carotis systeem ....................................................................................................................................... 32
2. a. vertebralis systeem ................................................................................................................................ 34
1. Somato- sensorische banen ........................................................................................................................ 35
Tractus spinothalamicus ................................................................................................................................... 37
Dorsale kolom – lemniscus medialisbaan ......................................................................................................... 38
2. Somatomotorische banen .......................................................................................................................... 39
2.1 Directe banen .............................................................................................................................................. 40
Corticospinale banen .................................................................................................................................... 40
2.2 Indirecte banen ........................................................................................................................................... 41
Vestibulospinale banen ................................................................................................................................ 41
Reticulospinale banen .................................................................................................................................. 41
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,1. De inleiding ................................................................................................................................................ 42
2. Het oog – zien ............................................................................................................................................. 42
2.1 Anatomie .................................................................................................................................................... 42
2.2 Anatomie ooglid.......................................................................................................................................... 42
2.3 Conjunctiva ................................................................................................................................................. 43
2.4 Traanapparaat ............................................................................................................................................ 43
2.5 Spieren ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
2.6 Oogbol ........................................................................................................................................................ 44
Retina ........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Lens .............................................................................................................................................................. 45
2.7 Zien ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
Gezichtsvelden ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Aandoeningen .............................................................................................................................................. 47
3. Het oor- horen en evenwicht ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 De anatomie ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Uitwendig oor ............................................................................................................................................... 49
Middenoor .................................................................................................................................................... 49
Inwendig oor ................................................................................................................................................ 49
Het slakkenhuis ........................................................................................................................................ 49
Het evenwichtsorgaan ............................................................................................................................. 50
4. De neus- ruiken .......................................................................................................................................... 52
4.1 De anatomie ............................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2 De reukstoornissen...................................................................................................................................... 53
5. De mond- smaak ........................................................................................................................................ 53
5.1 De smaken .................................................................................................................................................. 54
5.2 Fysiologie .................................................................................................................................................... 54
5.3 Reuk en smaak ............................................................................................................................................ 54
5.4 Smaakstoornissen ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Oorzaken ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
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, Hoofdstuk 6: het zenuwstelsel
Alles wat beweegt heeft een zenuwstelsel. Het zenuwstelsel van
de mens is het meest complex.
1. Overzicht van de functie en de structuur van het
zenuwstelsel
1.1 Anatomische opdeling van het zenuwstelsel
Het zenuwstelsel bestaat uit 2 grote delen:
• Centraal zenuwstelsel
o Bestaat uit: encephalon en medeulla spinalis
o Integratiecentrumvan het lichaam
• Perifere zenuwstelsel
o Bestaat uit: 12 paar nervi cranialis en 31 paar
nervi spinalis
o Zorgt voor de informatiestroom tussen de
periferie en het centraal zenuwstelsel
De cauda equina: een bundel ruggenmergzenuwen zonder
ruggenmerg. Het is de zenuwbundel voor het onderlijf (benen). Ze treden uit op de foramen
intervertebralis.
Start thv conus medullaris en dus waar ruggenmerg stopt.
1.2 Drie algemene functies van het zenuwstelsel
Onderdeel van het Bestaat uit Functie
zenuwstelsel
Perifeer zenuwstelsel Hersenzenuwen en Sensoriek (sensorische
ruggenmergzenuwen banen)
Motoriek (motorische banen)
Centraal zenuwstelsel Hersenen en ruggenmerg integratie
De 3 belangrijke functies:
Sensoriek Integratie Motoriek
Sensoren of receptoren sturen Bevindt zich in het centraal Het centraal zenuwstelsel
informatie via afferente of zenuwstelsel bestuurdt effectoren via
sensorische banen naar het efferente of motorische
CZS banen.
Bevindt zich in het perifeer Afstemmen van een input en De soorten banen
zenuwstelsel een output Somatomotorische banen:
naar skeletspieren
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