WGU C273 (2022/2023) Rated A+

WGU C273 (2022/2023) Rated A+ C. Wright Mills coined the term sociological imagination sociological imagination the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society Sociology systematic study of social life and human society. The sociological perspective looks for the "general in the particular Émile Durkheim one of the first sociologists to specify what exactly is "social" about our individual actions and decisions Social Facts (Durkheim) "types of behavior and thinking external to the individual" which have "a compelling and coercive power" Auguste Comte Father of sociology, positivism Harriet Martineau sociologist who study and promoted feminist issues Karl Marx Conflict is the driving force behind social change materialist conception of history criticized capitalism father of communism Herbert Spencer did not necessarily want to improve society; he only wanted to understand it social Darwinism - natural selection Mechanical Solidarity (Durkheim) connections based on the similarity of beliefs and values Organic Solidarity (Durkheim) social bonds among people in modern cities who specialize in different jobs but who rely on each other functionalism recognition that different aspects of society work together to form a complex whole Positivism the application of the scientific method to the social world Suicide study males, protestants, and unmarried are more likely to commit suicide, social factors underlie suicide; people with weaker ties; more likely to commit Harriet Martineau Brought sociology to England and furthered it by focusing on issues in the domestic sphere Jane Addams promoted sympathetic knowledge (knowledge that comes from identifying with others) Founded Hull House with Ellen G. Starr; a center to help immigrants in Chicago Karl Marx Conflict theory: groups competing for scarce resources. Society is made up of two social classes: capitalists and exploited workers Max Weber A key figure who studied modernization in society; the movement from traditional to capitalist societies Herbert Spencer Darwin's theory of social evolution to society fittest members produce a more advanced society W.E.B DuBois 'double-consciousness' for Dubois focuses on a feeling of "twoness" where the experience of one's identity is fragmented into several contradictory facets. In this case, it is the identities of African Americans being Black and being American Sociological Imagination and provide an example "the vivid awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the wider society." person who is unemployed might feel defeated and discouraged, and blame themselves for various reasons for not working "hard enough" or "fast enough." Founder of sociological imagination C. Wright Mills Social Fact types of behavior and thinking external to the individual, which have a compelling and coercive power Things in your society, culture, etc. make decisions for you. The society has made the decision for you Examples of social facts Having to learn how to use chopsticks when you visit an Asian country Living in an area that does not have grocery stores with fresh produce theoretical perspective set of assumptions about reality that inform the questions we ask and the kinds of answers we arrive at as a result Symbolic Interactionist Micro A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another Functional Analysis Macro A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism. Conflict Perspective Macro A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources. Feminist Theory Macro Seeks to eliminate the inequality between men and women Divorce rates increased when women gained access to education and jobs Conflict Approach Marriage means something different to a 75-year-old than a 25 year old Symbolic Interactionism Patriarchal societies devaluate the work of women Conflict Approach The job of the education system is to pass on knowledge, skills, and values to our younger generations Functional Analysis Social dysfunction occurs when harmful consequences of actions undermine social stability. Functional Analysis Changes in legislation and business policy are needed to fix gender inequality Feminist Theory example of applied sociology The use of discipline with the intent of yielding practical applications to solve problems we face. Many fields regularly benefit from applied sociology, such as education, criminal justice, health fields, and human rights. Example of clinical sociology Dedicated to changing social relationships through means such as therapy or restructing a social institution to better serve the needs of the people using it. Clinical sociologists apply their learning in a practical way to help their clients, especially within the health sector Which research method allows the researcher to determine cause and effect? Experiments Descriptive research describe social phenomena, such as the characteristics of a nation, the values of affluent rural households, or the behavior of shoplifters. Explanatory research explain how or why some social phenomena occur. These studies might include why women earn less than men or how people self-segregate in neighborhoods A sociologist uses census data to compare how the population has changed in the past decade Secondary Analysis At a park, you watch how far parents let their male children wander off versus their female children Field research Comparing how offenders are portrayed in fictional crime dramas, such as Criminal Minds Content analysis A researcher sends out a questionnaire to better understand how doctors feel about the affordable health care act Survey Wanting to know if violent video games cause violence in people, a researcher has a group of people play a game, a group of people watch cartoons, and then sees how they both respond to the same stressful situation Experiment Enculturation process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives Drinking water after a strenuous workout Drive Throwing your hand up to block something that has been thrown at you Reflex Feeling anxiety in a dark, unknown place Instinct Subculture The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguishes its members from the larger culture; a world within a world Counterculture A group whose values set their members in opposition to the dominant culture ethnocentrism use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors Cultural relativism understanding and appreciating other groups' ways of life without judging them Folkway Casual actions that are not strictly regulated by social norms, norms that are not strictly enforced More viewed as essential to a culture's value, norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought to be essential to core values or the well-being of the group Taboo A norm so strange that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion, if violated Sanctions reward or punishment that people in a society give to others in response to their upholding or violating social norms Agents of socialization people or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors, or other orientations toward life; example: family, peers, and mass media life course approach focuses on the connection among the roles, attitudes, and activities considered appropriate for a particular stage of life, determined largely (though not exclusively) by age Childhood Currently thought of as a time for selfcultivation and development, in which people undergo significant socialization. Adolescence A liminal stage between childhood and adulthood. Adulthood A time of greater responsibility when people are expected to be agents of socialization Old Age A time when people are seen as less able physically and mentally, expectations that do not always match reality. difference between sex and gender Gender is the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females; masculinity and feminism, while sex is the identity given by a person's biological sex characteristics Preparatory/Imitation (Under age 3) infant mimics and imitates the simple actions and facial expressions they see others do Play (Ages 3 to 7) Any activity that a child enjoys that lacks structure or rules Game (Age 8 and above) following certain rules. Children who participate in games tend to be a little older or more developed than those who just play since they can understand rules and the importance of getting along with others in order to complete the game Who developed the Looking Glass Self? Charles Horton Cooley looking glass self people valuate themselves based on how they imagine other people view them. Seeing ourselves through the eyes of others looking glass self 1 we imagine how we appear to others looking glass self 2 We imagine how those other people would judge us Looking glass self 3 We react to that hypothetical judgement with pride or shame. self-image differ from a self-concept Self-image is a perception that we have of ourselves that can change and fluctuate in different social contexts, while self-concept is a fixed understanding of ourselves, a conception that we know to be true regardless of context. Primary Groups a small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation, for example: family and friends. Secondary Groups larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal and impersonal group based on some interest and activity, for example: college classes and political parties. In Groups groups to which we feel loyal; strong sense of identity and belonging. Out Groups groups to which we feel antagonism; fosters identity among group members by showing the in-group what they are no Reference Group any group to which an individual compares him or herself to Aggregate individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together Category people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together Although he has a full-time job as an insurance salesman, Tom is best known for his elected position on the city council Master Status. As a father, John is struggling trying to find the balance of having fun with his daughter while also being a disciplinarian Role Strain As a judge, Amy had to recuse herself from a case that involved one of her friends Role Conflict As a receptionist at a doctor's office, Robert must be friendly when answering the phone and receiving patients in the waiting room Role Expectations Sarah is a lawyer with a top law firm. She is also a wife, mother, coach, and community organizer. Status Set How does size affect group interactions? larger the group, the more relationships that are possible among members Social Loafing lessened quality or quantity of an individual's work when they are operating as part of a group compared to their performance when they are not part of a group Groupthink extreme conformity that frequently occurs in the decision-making processes of very close groups coercive organization involuntary; you are forced Utilitarian maintain membership through payment five characteristics of a bureaucracy membership and methods for replacing members, written governance and communication, and a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability bureaucratic dysfunction lack of communication and coordination can lead to dysfunctions labeling theory posits that the most significant factor in understanding the creation of deviance is how an individual internalizes the responses of others to his or her actions differential association theory deviance as behavior a person learns through interaction with others and society social bond theory Everyone is tempted to commit deviant behavior, and what keeps us in line is our attachment to others and society Ascribed status A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. World System Theory Immanuel Wallerstein elaborated on these forms of economic inequality. In this theory, the world economic system is divided into a hierarchy of three types of countries: core, semiperipheral, and peripheral Gini Coefficient measure of income or consumption inequality; a Gini coefficient of 0 percent indicates perfect equality (everyone earns or consumes the same amount), while a Gini coefficient of 100 percent indicates complete inequality (1 person owns everything) Modernization Theory theory that states that less developed countries will benefit from the transfer of skills and technology from more developed countries and become more prosperous as they modernize. Kinship connections among individuals that are established through ancestry, marriage, or adoption Green Revolution World Bank and the Rockefeller Foundation funded research to develop new strains of corn and wheat, known as high-yielding varieties (HYVs) Population Bomb runaway population in the developing world will lead to mass starvation, social upheavals, and political instability How does Sweden organize its healthcare system? Most health care is funded and provided through 12 local county councils, which set the rates for service. The Beveridge Model government both pays for the service and provides it The Bismark Model employers and employees pay taxes and health insurance is private Most like American system National Health Insurance Model government pays for health care, which is provided by private healthcare providers. Since the government pays for all services, it has significant power to negotiate prices. Canada has a National Health Insurance system