Wellness Midterm USAHS Questions and Answers 100% correct

Wellness Midterm USAHS Questions and Answers 100% correct Occupational therapy enabling clients to maximize their capacity to participate in life activities that are important and meaningful to them, to promote overall health and wellness OT guiding principle Understand the complex and dynamic interactions between people, their environment, and their activities, and how these affect health and wellness. OTs facilitate success by matching the person's skills to activity demands community-based practice •includes a broad range of health-related services: •Prevention and health promotion •Acute and chronic medical care •Habilitation and rehabilitation •Direct and indirect service provision community-level interventions attempt to modify the socio-cultural, political, economic, and environmental context of the community to achieve health goals. These are population based approaches. population health the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group OT as a community health advocate identify the social, physical, emotional, medical, educational, and occupational needs of community members for optimal functioning and advocate for services to meet those needs OT as a consultant interactive process of helping others solve existing or potential problems by identifying and analyzing issues, developing strategies to address problems and preventing future problems from occurring OT as a case manager coordinates the provision of services; advises the consumer, family, or caregiver; evaluates financial resources; and advocates for needed services OT as an entrepreneur individual who organizes a business venture, manages its operations, and assume the risks associated with the business OT as a supervisor manage and are responsible for all activities of their team members, set up work schedules, delegates tasks, recruits and trains employees, and conducts performance appraisals OT as program managers responsible for the overall design, development, function and evaluation of a program; budgeting and staff hiring and supervision effective community- based therapist characteristics -sense of positive hopefulness -understanding of individuals in their specific personal circumstances -creativity to envision a variety of possibilities -ability to set aside one's cultural, personal, and professional biases and respect individual choices rather than passing judgement Moral Treatment 18th and 19th century. Movement instituted by Philippe Pinel that resulted in a shift to more humane treatment of the mentally disturbed paradigm of occupation s. Focus on occupation, its role in life and health, and its potential as a therapeutic tool. Mechanistic Paradigm 1960s. Focusing on inner mechanisms of disease and disability. More aligned with medical model. Lack of occupation. Emerging paradigm s. characterized by synthesis of useful concepts from the mechanistic paradigm with contemporary knowledge of occupation from many disciplines. Dynamic interaction between person, environment and occupation characteristics of community practice paradigms client-centered occupation-based supported by evidence based on dynamic systems theory ecologically sound strength based community model paradigm community member is responsible community member has power community member makes decisions community member is the expert professional answers to the consumer planning is coordinated culture is appreciated client centered approach "promotes participation, exchange of information, client decision-making, and respect for choice", and "focuses on the issues which are most important to the person and his or her family" dynamic systems approach recognizes the complexity of the social history of health and provides a framework for assessment and intervention at various levels of systems, including individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels ecological approach considers the client embedded in and interacting with a variety of environments and contexts strength-based focus on what client can do, and not simply the client's deficits and functional limitations public health the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts of society health education combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes. health promotion any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities community health physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being of a group of people who are linked together in some way, possibly through geographical proximity or shared interests levels of prevention primary, secondary, tertiary primary prevention Efforts to prevent an injury or illness from ever occurring. secondary prevention prevention of complications associated with a disease that has already been diagnosed tertiary prevention actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages levels of occupation-based intervention individual group organization community governmental policy individual level individual needs addressed by working directly with client or caregivers on personal wellness goals group level targeted towards small groups of people with same disability or similar characteristic with same goal set organization level focus on broader groups of people where individual goals may be different but the organizational goal is the same community level address broad issues impacting a large population of people who have common characteristics governmental policy level makes changes to rules, laws, policies, and procedures that impact the health and wellness of all those who are covered under the policy preventative occupation the application of occupational science in the prevention of disease and disability and the promotion of health and well-being of individuals and communities through meaningful engagement in occupations social cognitive theory key aspects determining health behaviors include: knowledge of health risks and benefits, perceived self-efficacy, outcome expectations, self-determined goals, perceived facilitators and barriers to change reciprocal determinism Bandura's idea that though our environment affects us, we also affect our environment key terms related to social cognitive theory self-efficacy- confidence in one's own abilities outcome expectations- belief that certain behaviors will allow achievement of goals human agency- ability to control and shape their future strategies related to social cognitive theory reinforcement modeling self-monitoring Health Belief Model Addresses the relationship between a person's beliefs about their health and behaviors related to health. Health beliefs are influenced by perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action health belief model assumption for a person to take action, perceived benefits of action need to outweigh barriers. Person must also believe they are susceptible to negative health outcomes and these outcomes necessitate change. There are slo event that prompt change transactional perspective of occupation grounded in pragmatism occupations are part of the transaction of persons and environments Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change Six predictable stages - precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination - people go through in establishing new habits and patterns of behavior precontemplation (transtheoretical model) no intention of changing behavior contemplation (transtheoretical model) person knows there's a problem and is motivated to change but hasn't started process preparation (transtheoretical model) person is planning to make change and identifying methods/materials for change action (transtheoretical model) person actually takes steps to make a change maintenance (transtheoretical model) person makes a long term investment in sustaining their change relapse/recycling (transtheoretical model) typical when attempting to change a health behavior and often leads to starting cycle again to recreate the change Precede-Proceed Model Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning for evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evaluation methods for improvement of quality. Precede (Precede-proceed model) predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling causes in educational diagnosis and evaluation Proceed (Precede-proceed model) policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in educational and environmental development Proceed phases Phase 6 Implementation Phase 7 Evaluation of Process Phase 8 Impact evaluations Phase 9 Outcome evaluation precede phases Phase 1 - social assessment - define the quality of life of the priority population. Phase 2 - Epidemiological Assessment - identify the health problems of the priority population, and determine and prioritize behavior (individual) and environmental (external) risk factors associated with the health problem. Phase 3 - Educational and Ecological assessment - determine predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Phase 4 Administrative and policy assessment- implications of the budget, resource availability, policies/regulations, and other barriers Phase 5- implementation of the program what occupation-based models are associated with health promotion? MOHO Ecology of Human Performance (EHP) Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) What areas of practice should OT be addressing that aren't in the literature? public health, health education, nutrition, and exercise science How do current efforts by OTs support health and wellness? OTs currently address bullying, health literacy, PTSD, obesity, fall prevention, mental illness, ergonomics, homelessness What are key opportunities for OT to be better prepared for health promotion and wellness (HPW)? -integrating HPW philosophies into practice -include HPW into entry level education curricula including language of HPW, Health Behavior Change theory, Health Data Management, health communications, lifestyle medicine/health-focused care, health program planning and evaluation why should OTs be involved in health promotion intervention? OTs have a unique perspective and help people organize their occupations related to self-care, home management, community participation, education, work, and leisure into daily routines to promote and develop a healthy lifestyle and facilitate adaptation and recovery from illness What barriers to participation in health promotion interventions exist? -current paradigm is "sick care" not "health care" -education programs inadequately prepare students for delivery of HPW components of health promotion - self-responsibility: individual controls his life - nutritional awareness: understand healthy diet - stress reduction and management - physical fitness - safety well-being self-perceived health, longevity, healthy behaviors, social connection, productivity, factors in physical/social environment Goals of OT in health promotion and prevention -prevent or reduce the incidence of illness -reduce health disparities among racial and ethnic minorities -enhance mental health, resiliency, and QoL -prevent secondary conditions and improve overall health and well-being of people with chronic conditions -promote healthy living practice, social participation, occupational justice, and healthy communities vision 2025 Occupational therapy maximizes health, well-being, and quality of life for all people, populations, and communities through effective solutions that facilitate participation in everyday living. Clinical Preventive Services Guidelines for primary care providers to use in screening and counseling patients to prevent or reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, and infectious disease The United States Preventive Service Task Force (USPTF) task force established by volunteer doctors and nurses who are experts in prevention of disease. Job is to assess harms/benefits of preventative services in people who are asymptomatic -make recommendations for servcies that should be included in primary care Role of OT related to USPSTF evaluate and provide treatment holistically: individual health promotion, physical health, mental health, environmental barriers and supports commutative justice This type of justice calls for fairness in agreements and contracts between individuals. It is an equal exchange of goods, money, or services. distributive justice allocation of income, wealth, and power within a society social justice people's right to be active and productive members of society- it's the reciprocal duty between individual and society to what is right, and to be fair/equitable in who receives goods and services occupational justice the equitable opportunity and resources to enable people's engagement in meaningful occupations social inequalities discrepancies in income, social status, health care access, ability to obtain treatment, and health outcomes examples of global health disparities millions of refugees, caste systems, human trafficking occupational alienation Sense of isolation, powerlessness, frustration, loss of control, and estrangement from society or self as a result of engagement in occupation that does not satisfy inner needs occupational deprivation Occurs when factors beyond themselves limit the individual's choice or opportunity occupational marginalization inability of people to make choices for participation in parts of occupations or have autonomy occupational imbalance when group/population does not share equal opportunity to participate in occupations occupational apartheid -Segregation of groups of people through restriction or denial of participation in occupations of daily life -Can be based on race, color, disability, national origin, sexual preference, religion, political beliefs, status in society or other characteristics