CHE 4220 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions

CHE 4220 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions What is the central dogma of molecular biology? - ANS replicated DNA undergoes transcription to form RNA which then undergoes translation to form proteins What is the function of telomeres and what can they tell us about aging? - ANS Will increasing agarose concentration increase or decrease separation and will it increase or decrease run times for identical samples? Why? - ANS increase separation, increase run times, because more agarose makes the hole size of the mesh decrease What is the CRISPER Cas-9 and how is it used? - ANS What is the difference between transcription and translation? - ANS Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA while translation is the production of proteins from RNA Describe one of the genetic engineering accomplishments discussed in class. - ANS human insulin: previously used insulin produced in the pancreas of cows, pigs, and fish to treat humans with diabetes, now use synthetic human insulin using recombinant DNA technology in E.coli As a part of DNA's structure, what do the phosphodiester bonds do? - ANS links 2 adjacent nucleotides through the 5' phosphate group and the 3' OH group, this linking of nucleotide monomers enables the formation of a DNA polymer What affects thermostability and melting point of DNA molecule? - ANS the C-G content of the DNA Why twins look slightly different even though they have the same genetic material? - ANS What are codons, and what enzyme/protein is responsible to decode/read it? - ANS a three nucleotide sequence that codes a specific amino acid What is tRNA and what is its function in translation? - ANS transfer RNA, interprets mRNA and delivers the correct amino acid to the peptide chain What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription? Mention at least two. - ANS What is the function of DNA Polymerase? - ANS responsible for binding deoxyribonucleotides, fitting the correct nucleotide into place according to the template, and forming a new phosphodiester bond What is the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used to make? - ANS commonly called baker's or brewer's yeast, used to make alcohol and bread In the DNA Hybridization Method, what is the fluorescent lighting actually indicating chemically? - ANS How are recombinant DNA vectors introduced into a host cell and what are the possible errors of this process? - ANS introduced into a host cell by transformation possible errors include foreign DNA not inserted or inserted at the wrong site What are three ways secretory proteins help the cell? - ANS What is the role of mRNA? - ANS carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes to be converted to proteins, serves as a template for protein synthesis, determines amino acid sequence For genetic code, how many codons are possible? - ANS 64 codons Why won't eukaryotic genes function in prokaryotic organisms? - ANS Describe a couple of qualities of the EcoRI restriction enzyme. - ANS type II restriction endonucleases, recognizes a