Clarification - ANSWER listening response used to ask clients for more information or for
elaboration on a point
restatement - ANSWER is an active listening strategy used to broaden a clients perspective
or when the nurse needs to provide a sharper focus on a specific part of communications
minimal cues - ANSWER defined as brief, encouraging phrases and non verbal prompts ,
which communicate interest
paraphrasing - ANSWER listening response which focuses on the cognitive component of a
message
summarization - ANSWER is an active listening skill used to pull several ideas and feelings
together, either from one interaction, or a series of interactions, into a few succinct sentences
what are the stages of grief - ANSWER 1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
Nonstochastic theories - ANSWER explain biological aging as resulting from a complex,
predetermined process
stochastic theories - ANSWER view the effects of biological aging as resulting from random
assaults from both the internal and external environment
cross-linking theory - ANSWER a theory of aging that holds that the stiffening of body
proteins eventually breaks down bodily processes, leading to aging
Free Radicals and Lipofuscin Theories - ANSWER suggests that aging is due to oxidative
metabolism and the effects of free radicals
wear and tear theories - ANSWER theories that the mechanical functions of the body simply
wear out with age
evolutionary theories - ANSWER theories that explain human behavior in terms of how it
contributes to the survival of the species and that look at how our evolutionary past
, influences individual development
Biogerontology theory - ANSWER connection between aging and disease processes
(bacteria, fungi, viruses)
apoptosis - ANSWER programmed cell death
genetic theories - ANSWER Programmed theory of aging: humans are born with genetic
program or biological clock that predetermined life span
autoimmune reactions - ANSWER primary organs of the immune system, the thymus and
bone marrow, are believed to be affected by the aging process.
neuroendocrine and neurochemical theories - ANSWER aging is result of changes in brain
and endocrine glands
radiation theories - ANSWER radiation may induce cellular mutations that promote aging
nutrition theories - ANSWER good diet may minimize or eliminate some ill effects of aging
process
environmental theories - ANSWER how personality is shaped by physical and social
environments
disengagement theory - ANSWER The view that aging makes a person's social sphere
increasingly narrow, resulting in role relinquishment, withdrawal, and passivity.
activity theory - ANSWER theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are
happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby
continuity theory - ANSWER a theory focusing on how people adjust to retirement by
continuing aspects of their earlier lives
subculture theory - ANSWER explains that peer pressure is a determining cause of drug
experimentation, use, and/or abuse.
age stratification theory - ANSWER a theory which states that members of society are
stratified by age, just as they are stratified by race, class, and gender
developmental tasks - ANSWER events that need to happen in order for a person to
continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult
gerotranscendence theory - ANSWER human aging is a process of shifting from a rational
and materialistic metaperspective to a more cosmic and transcendent vision
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