BIOD 151 A&P1 Module 4: Anatomy of the Skeleton: Overview and Axial Skeleton FALL 2023

4.1 Anatomy of the Skeleton: Overview and Axial Skeleton Skeletal Function ● Skeleton protects vital organs such as heart and brain and some bones produce blood cells ● Bones storage for inorganic calcium and phosphorous salts ● Attachment for muscle, tendons, and ligaments to permit body movement ● 5 types of bones: Long bones, flat bones, short bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones ● Long bones ○ Long and thin, designed to support body weight and movement ○ Humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals ● Flat bones ○ Form roof of the skull to protect brain ● Short bones ○ Small and cube-shaped such as carpals and tarsals ● Irregular bones ○ Varied in structure with ridges and irregular surfaces ex. Vertebrae and pelvic bones ● Sesamoid Bones ○ Small and round, function is to reinforce tendons, patella is example Bone Landmarks ● Bones not smooth surfaces, they have ridges, grooves, and landmarks called bone landmarks to show where tendons can attach, where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone. ○ Foramen, canal, fissure-openings in bone for nerves, blood supply, or passageway ○ Sinus-hollow chamber in bone, filled with air usually ○ Process, ramus- elevations in bone ○ Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine- process or projections for tendon or ligament attachment ○ Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet- process designed for articulation with adjacent bones ○ Fossa, sulcus - depressions in bone Overview of Skeleton ● Axial and Appendicular skeleton are 2 divisions of skeleton ● Axial ○ Lies on the midline ○ Consists of skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and rib cage Skull ● Formed by 22 bones in total: Cranium (8) and Facial bones (14) ● Cranium ○ Has 8 bones and protects the brain