NES Secondary Professional Knowledge Exam (EDITED) 2023/24

NES Secondary Professional Knowledge Exam (EDITED) 2023/24 Theory: What is Erikson's theory? - Psychosocial Theory of Development - Individuals experience internal conflicts at various stages of life (crises) which are resolved through interaction with others Theory: What does Erikson's theory suggest about secondary students? - Competence: Industry vs. inferiority (ages 5~12) Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (ages 13~19) Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Erikson's theory? - Help students explore identity, beliefs, careers, and responsibilities. Model career choices. Help students find resources to work out personal problems. Give many "second chances" Theory: What is Piaget's theory? - Theory of Cognitive Development - Infants are born with sensory and reflexive skills that they use to engage the environment and ultimately construct mental representations of it Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - -Concrete Operational (ages 7~11) time, space, and quantity are understood and can be applied but not as independent concepts -Formal Operations (age 11+) theoretical, hypothetical, and counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and reasoning Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Piaget's theory? - Concrete Operational Student: use props, visual aids, manipulatives, well-organized presentation, use familiar examples Formal Operational Student: continue to use concrete operational teaching, hypothetical questions, scientific reasoning, teach broad concepts not just facts, inwards reflection Theory: What is Vygotsky's Theory? - Social Development Theory - children's thought structures develop through interaction with individuals in their environments, informed by the culture in which they live Theory: What does Piaget's Theory suggest about secondary students? - Work within students' ZPD Theory: What can a teacher do to help students based on Vygotsky's theory? - -Scaffolding -accessibility to tools that support thinking -build on cultural funds of knowledge -utilize dialogue and learning groups Vocabulary: Scaffolding - providing sufficient support to promote learning when concepts and skills a