AP World History Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections Latest 2022

Caravel A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic; used for long voyages at great speed from 15th to 17th centuries; used for exploration, not trade Carrack a large trading merchant ship operating in European waters (especially by the Portuguese) in the 14th to the 17th century. Fluyt Dutch sailing vessel that allowed them to control the Baltic trade; designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with max space and crew efficiency; used from 16th to 17th centuries Henry the Navigator () Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa; sponsored seafaring expeditions to search for an all-water route to the east; imported enslaved Africans via the sea Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer. In he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route for Europeans Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of that was the first to sail around the world. trading post empire Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples; practiced by Europeans in the Indian Ocean as they took over trade from Arab and Muslim merchants Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China ()Columbian Exchange The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages. Mercantilism An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought; colonies were crucial in the accumulation of wealth The Great Dying Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of Europeanborne epidemic diseases on the Americas. Chattel Slavery Absolute legal ownership of another person, including the right to buy or sell that person; the form of slavery utilized in the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade Mita System economic system in Inca society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; later exploited by the Spanish as they forced Incas to mine silver Indentured Servitude A worker bound by a voluntary agreement to work for a specified period of years often in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. Encomienda A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it Hacienda Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of would have agreements of loyalty but would retain control over the actual land. This continued into the 20th century