Nurs 611 Exam 3 Maryville University 2023/2024 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS

Nurs 611 Exam 3 Maryville University Iron deficiency IDA - can arise inadequate dietary intake or excessive blood loss. The most common cause in developed countries is pregnancy and chronic blood loss. Early symptoms are nonspecific and include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale earlobes, palms, and conjunctivae Hyperpituitarism: Primary Adenoma - are usually benign slow-growing tumors that arise from cells of the anterior pituitary. Local expansion may cause both neurologic and secretory defects. The adenomatous tissue secretes the hormone of the cell type from which it arose, without regard to physiologic needs and without benefit of regulatory feedback mechanisms. Hyperpituitarism: Primary Adenoma - the pressure produced by this adenoma is also associated with decreased function of neighboring anterior pituitary cells, which results in hyposecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones Hypersecretion of Prolactin - Prolactinoma Hypersecretion of Prolactin - Pituitary tumors that secrete prolactin, prolactinomas, are the most common of the hormonally active pituitary adenomas Hypersecretion of Prolactin - Other conditions or medications can elevate prolactin level in the absence of a pituitary pathologic condition. For example, renal failure, polycystic ovarian disease, breast stimulation, or even the stress of venipuncture can increase prolactin levels. Hypersecretion of Prolactin - Prolactin is under tonic inhibitory hypothalamic control through the secretion of dopamine prolactin inhibitor factor [PIF] Thus medications that block the effects of dopamine can increase prolactin production and stimulate proliferation of prolactin-secreting cells lactotropes. Hypersecretion of Prolactin - antipsychotics risperidone, chlorpromazine metoclopramide, tricyclic antidepressants, and methyldopa. Any process that interferes with the delivery of dopamine from the hypothalamus to the lactotropes pituitary stalk tumor, pituitary stalk transection, or compressive pituitary tumor also results in hyperprolactinemia. Because TRH stimulates prolactin secretion, in addition to enhancing TSH release, prolactin concentration may be elevated in individuals with primary hypothyroidism. prolactinoma - is sustained increases in serum prolactin concentration. These tumors can be classified as microprolactinomas 1 cm in size or macroprolactinomas 1 cm in size . Central nervous system symptoms may develop because of growth and pressure of the adenoma within the sella turcica. Microprolactinomas - are usually encapsulated and noninvasive, Macroprolactinomas - commonly expand into the optic chasm, invade local structures, and are more difficult to treat. Because the adenoma can become an increasingly space-occupying lesion, hypopituitarism may occur because of compression of surrounding hormone-secreting cells Central nervous system symptoms may develop because of growth and pressure of the adenoma within the sella turcica. actions of prolactin - include breast development during pregnancy, postpartum milk production, and suppression of ovarian function in nursing women Pathologic elevation of prolactin hyper - levels inhibits the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, alters the pattern of release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, and suppresses gonadal steroidogenesis, thereby resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes. This causes amenorrhea, infertility, nonpuerperal milk production galactorrhea, and hirsutism in women. If not detected until after many years, estrogen deficiency may result in osteopenia or osteoporosis. Hyperprolactinemia - in men causes erectile dysfunction, infertility, and osteopenia. Symptoms related to the increasing size of the adenoma include headache or visual impairment Hypothyroidism - Lower levels of thyroid hormone result in decreased energy metabolism resulting in constipation, bradycardia, and lethargy. In primary hypothyroidism the loss of functional thyroid tissue leads to a decreased production of TH. Causes in adults include autoimmune thyroiditis Hypothyroidism - Hashimoto disease, iatrogenic loss of thyroid tissue after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism, head and neck radiation therapy, medications, and endemic iodine deficiency. Hyperthyroid Conditions - Graves Disease results from a form of type II hypersensitivity in which there is stimulation of the thyroid by autoantibodies directed against the TSH receptor. Hyperthyroid Conditions - These autoantibodies, called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins override normal regulatory mechanisms. The TSI stimulation of TSH receptors in the gland results in hyperplasia of the gland goiter and increased synthesis of TH