NSG-316 Exam 3 Questions and Answers(A+ Solution guide)

Myocardium - heart muscle that surrounds ventricles and atrium Atria are thinner as they need to pump less strong pericardium - external layer that protects heart from injury/infection endocardium - 3 layered membrane that lines heart chambers blockage of coronary arteries can lead to - heart attack or stroke heart failure - increased pressure of cardiac overload -pulm congestion -inc amount of blood in pulm capillaries Left sided heart failure -dyspnea/SOB, pulmonary edema right sided heart failure - blood back up in the periphery and will present with edema cardiomegaly - abnormal enlargement of the heart due to over working to compensate for decreased function frequency - high pitched or low pitched what should you use the diaphragm of a stethoscope for - high pitched, normal sounds what should you use the bell of a stethoscope for - low pitched, abnormal heart sounds, murmursintensity/loudness - loud or soft duration - short heart sounds, or silent periods timing - systole or diastole carotid artery/pulse - found in the neck. feel one at a time. S1 is felt what is the most diminished pulse in the aging adult - pedal pulse normal heart sounds - S1 and S2 S1 heart sound - -occurs with closure of mitral and tricuspid valves (AV valve) -"lub" sound -loudest at apex (5th intercostal space at midclavicular line) S2 heart sound - -occurs with closure of aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves) -"dub" sound -loudest at base of heart (2nd intercostal space) abnormal heart sounds - S3 and S4 sounds, murmurs, and bruits S3 heart sounds - -not usually heard -gallop sound -indication of HF -occurs with ventricular resistance of filling S4 heart sounds - -create vibrations-can be heard right before S1 sound -occurs at end of diastole when ventricles resist filling murmurs - -from turbulent blood flow -heard directly over heart -gentle blowing/swooshing sound