Embryology Exam MCQ test questions with verified solutions

The term "terato" (Greek for "monster") describes what characteristic of a newborn child? a. hypoxia b. birth defect c. morula B This stage of human development occurs when the egg and sperm fuse. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage A Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:01 / 0:15 Full screen This stage of human development occurs when the single-celled zygote divides into multiple cells, forming a hollow ball of cells. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage B During which stage of human development does the developing human attach to the uterine wall? a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage B During which stage of human development will we see major internal organs and external features begin to emerge? a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage C During which stage of human development do we see differentiation and specialization of structures? This occurs later in the developmental process. a. zygotic stage b. blastocyst stage c. embryonic stage d. fetal stage D If a mother has a problem with her endometrium, which of the following structures will have difficulty binding to her uterine wall? a. zygote b. morula c. early blastocyst d. late blastocyst D True or false? Endrocrine glands do not have ducts. True! This is a collection of glands that produce hormones which are secreted into the body to regulate normal function. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine A The signaling process occurs when proteins produced by one cell travel short distances. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine B This signaling process occurs when chemical messengers secreted by a cell come back around and bind to that same cell. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine C This signaling process occurs between two cells, in which a ligand on one cell surface binds to a receptor on the other. This does not involve diffusible proteins. a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine D Dr. V mentioned in class that glands secrete hormones, but they can also secrete other things. Which example did she provide for this? Testes secrete not only hormones, but they also make sperm. Therefore, they have two functions. Not sure if this is relevant, but thought I would include it. Hedgehog signaling is an example of which type of signaling? a. endocrine b. paracrine c. autocrine d. juxtacrine B Paracine factors act by which mechanism? a. signal transduction pathway b. conformation induction pathway c. endocrine signaling pathway d. GDF-associated pathway A; choice D is not completely wrong, however, because GDF's (growth and differentiation factors) act by signaling these signal transduction pathways. Hedgehog signaling has what effect on a signal transduction pathway? a. activating inhibition b. activating activation c. inhibiting activation d. inhibiting inhibition D The extracellular domain of a receptor involved in a signal transduction pathway is responsible for what? a. initiation of transcription factor b. phosphorylation c. binding the ligand d. repression of transcription factor C Growth and Differentiation Factors (GDFs) are found throughout the entire animal kingdom and are responsible for regulation and development of organ systems. All of the following are major families of GDFs EXCEPT: a. FGF b. WNT c. GABA d. Hedgehog e. TGF-β C How did hedgehog proteins get their name? a. these proteins cause a bristle-like appearance when injected into mice from hedgehog genome. b. it relates to a paracrine signaling factor that codes for bristles on drosophila. c. the proteins are involved with signal transduction pathways seen in all species of hedgehog. d. Sonic the Hedgehog was a very popular video game during time of discovery in the 1990s. B There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to development of the gonads? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog A There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to bone growth? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog B There are 3 hedgehog genes in mammals. Which of the 3 relates to morphology formation and midline structure? a. Desert b. Indian c. Sonic Hedgehog C; "Sonic runs in a straight line, right down the middle of the screen" Besides growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), which other mechanism did Dr. V say is important regarding paracrine signaling? a. Hedgehog protein signaling b. transmembrane domain signaling c. neurotransmitter signaling C Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXD13 would cause which of the following? a. Synpolydactyly b. malformation of the lower urogenital tract c. first digit hypoplasia d. more than one of these choices. A Mutation of Homeobox gene HOXA13 would cause which of the following? a. Synpolydactyly b. malformation of the lower urogenital tract c. first digit hypoplasia d. more than one of these choices. D; B and C Hand-foot-genital syndrome refers to a mutation in which gene: a. HOXA13 b HOXD13 c. WNT d. FGF A; WNT is involved with formation of the urogenital system, but mutation of this gene is not related to hand-foot-genital syndrome. Which of the following GDFs (growth and differentiation factors) is involved with development of the urogenital system and limb patterning? a. FGF b. WNT c. Hedgehog d. TGF-β B