APES Unit 4 Correct Questions and Answers(SCORED A+)

on average, how much does each person in the United States use of nonfuel mineral materials each year? - ANSWER 20,000 lbs. (10 tons) what is the largest waste by weight put into landfill sites? - ANSWER paper what does materials management involve? - ANSWER reducing waste volumes through the combination of more sustainable use of materials and resource consideration how can materials management achieve goals of sustainable use and resource consideration? - ANSWER 1. eliminate subsidies for extracting minerals, oils, timber 2. establish "green building" incentives that encourage the use of recycled-content materials and products in new construction 3. assess financial penalties for production that uses poor materials-management practices 4. provide financial incentives for industrial practices and products that benefit the environment by enhancing sustainability 5. provide incentives to develop materials-management programs that eliminate or reduce waste how are resources classified? - ANSWER either renewable or nonrenewable are resources finite? - ANSWER yes, but exploration annually increases known reserve are resources valuable? - ANSWER yes, but all technology used in extraction, either primitive or advanced, causes some environmental change why are resources a concern? - ANSWER because it is impossible to support exponential growth on finite resources are mineral resources renewable? - ANSWER no what materials does single stream recycling include? - ANSWER materials such as paper, glass, plastic, and metal what does single stream recycling not include? - ANSWER compost what is composting? - ANSWER the rapid partial decomposition of moist solid organic waste by aerobic bacteria how does recycling influence the environmental impacts of mineral development? - ANSWER 1. decreases the amount of landfill sites 2. decreases the price of raw materials 3. decreased the quantities of raw materials mined from the earth 4. decreases the need to explore for new mineral reserves 5. decreases the quantity of waste what are some examples of metals that are being recycled in the US? - ANSWER iron, lead, copper, and aluminum why has Europe been more successful in recycling than the US? - ANSWER 1. landfill fees in Europe are much higher than in the US 2. the manufacturers are responsible for the disposal cost of packaging and industrial goods they produce what are some common ingredients of fertilizers? - ANSWER sulfur, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus what percent does ocean water contain of dissolved solids? and what are some examples of those solids? - ANSWER 3.5%; zinc, tin, silver, and gold what are some solutions when the availability of a particular mineral becomes limited? - ANSWER 1. find more sources 2. recycle and reuse what has already been obtained 3. reduce consumption 4. find a substitute what happens when the cost of locating, extracting, processing, and distributing mineral resources exceeds the price the market is willing to pay? - ANSWER 1. exploration for new reserves 2. development of alternatives to that mineral resource 3. development of recycling techniques for that mineral 4. consumers do without that mineral resource with regards to minerals, a ___________ is material which can be legally, economically, and technically extracted at the present time; and a ________ is material that potentially can be extracted in the long-run - ANSWER reserve; resource what is integrated waste management? - ANSWER the waste-handling strategy that utilizes a broad range of reduction techniques and disposal options what does integrated waste management include? - ANSWER 1. promoting reuse 2. recycling 3. composting what is land application? - ANSWER the disposal of biodegradable chemical waste by dispersal why is municipal sewage sludge often used as fertilizer? - ANSWER because feces has high concentrations of nitrates, ammonia, and phosphates what is the problem with using municipal sewage sludge for fertilizer? - ANSWER it may contain a toxic level of heavy metals the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) divides wastes into what four categories? - ANSWER 1. solid hazardous wastes 2. semi solid hazardous wastes 3. liquid hazardous wastes 4. gaseous hazardous wastes what did the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 help establish? - ANSWER the "Superfund" what is the "Superfun" used for? - ANSWER to clean up the worst abandoned hazardous waste sites what has the improper disposal of hazardous waste had the most significant effect on? - ANSWER the quality of groundwater in 1984 and 1986, CERCLA was strengthened by amendments. what changes did those amendments made? - ANSWER 1. improved and tightened standards for disposal and cleanup of hazardous waste (for example, requiring double liners, monitoring landfills) 2. banned land disposal of certain hazardous chemicals, including dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and most solvents 3. initiated a timetable for phasing out disposal of all untreated liquid hazardous waste in landfills or surface impoundments 4. increased the Superfund; the fund was allocated about $8.5 billion in 1986; Congress approved another $5.1 billion for fiscal year 1998, which almost doubled the Superfund budget what is industrial ecology? - ANSWER the study of the relationships among industrial systems and their links to natural systems what is the most common way that we dispose of waste? - ANSWER depositing it in a landfill site what can landfill sites pollute? - ANSWER the surface and groundwater, the soil, and the air, so measures need to be taken to limit this pollutino what are the eight paths