Biology 101 Exam 1 questions fully solved & updated 2024

Biology You Is the study of the science of life. It's not just facts and theories. It is also a process. Modem science, including biology, is primarily dependent on inductive logic reasoning, which has given rise to the Scientific Method General methods of critical thinking: Deductive Reasoning Reasoning from a general premise to a specific conclusion. Brainpower Read More General methods of critical thinking: Inductive Reasoning Reasoning from a series of specific facts or observations to a general principle. Scientific Method a) Observation -- careful reporting of actual events in the biosphere. b) Hypothesis -- a TENTATIVE (Subject to change) explanation formulated from the observations using inductive reasoning. It attempts to explain the event and is subject to tests. c) Experimentation - carefully designed lab work or field work to test the hypothesis using deductive reasoning. An experiment must consist of an experimental group and a control group for comparison purposes. d) conclusion -data from experimentation should either support or contradict the hypothesis. If a hypothesis is supported by repeated experimental testing, it is now qualified as a Theory. [If the data contradict the hypothesis, a new hypothesis and new experimentation work will have to be done]. Theory Is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observation. Although (THEORIES ARE NOT ABSOLUTE FACTS) in science, they serve as the solid foundation in the understanding of natural phenomena. The Experimental Method • Experiments are situations designed to test a specific hypothesis • Scientists can manipulate the environment, one variable at a time. • This helps the scientist to determine what specific variable is involved (controlled and experimental groups) 5 basic properties found in all living things; Cellular Organization All living things are composed of cells. 1 cell= uni-organism 5 basic properties found in all living things; Metabolism All living things undergo chemical and physical changes to produce energy. This energy is needed for all cell activities. 5 basic properties found in all living things; Homeostasis All living things maintain relatively stable internal conditions regardless of drastic changes in their surrounding. 5 basic properties found in all living things; Reproduction All living things reproduce and form a continuum of heredity in their species. 5 basic properties found in all living things; Heredity all living organisms possess a genetic system using deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to transmit their characteristics from parent to offspring. Six general themes of biology 1. Levels of organization 2. Flow of energy 3. Evolution 4. Cooperation 5. Structure determines function ("form fits function"): 6. Homeostasis Levels of organization A) Living organisms in the living world function and interact with each other at many levels. B) Each living organism is composed of : particles, atoms, molecules, macromolecules organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems. C) Among different living organisms, there is another HIERARCHY of complexity: species population community ecosystem biomes biosphere Biosphere All life on Earth and the nonliving portion of Earth that support life. Ecosystem A community together with its nonliving surroundings Community Populations of different species that live in the same area and interact with one another. Species All organisms that are similar enough to interbreed. Population All the members of a species living in the same area. Multi-cellular organism An Individual living thing composed of many cells. Organ system Two or more organs working together in the execution of a specific bodily function. Example: The digestive system Organ A structure usually composed of several tissue types that form a functional unit. Example: Heart, stomach, bladder Tissue A group of similar cells that perform a specific function. Example: Skin tissue, Bone Tissue Cell The smallest unit of life. Example: Red blood cell, nerve cell Molecule A combination of atoms. Example: Water, glucose, DNA Atom The smallest particle of an element that retains the physical and chemical properties of that element. -Each element has its own unique type of atom Example: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen Flow of energy A) all of the energy used by living organisms comes from the sun and is gradually used up by different levels of ecosystems. B) plants and algae from the first stage of this energy flow, where they capture the sunlight and produce energy and nutrient sources for other living organisms -a process called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. C) other living organisms, such as the herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are consumers & form other stages of this energy flow. D) At each stage, some energy is used or transferred (about 10%) and most of the energy is lost as heat (about 90%). 1% is used from the 10% E) Flow of energy is critical in shaping the ecosystems, it's a source in which many organisms depend on. Evolution A) The change in species over time. B) Natural selection, first proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859. C) Organisms that are better able to successfully respond to the challenges of their environment become more common and diverse. Cooperation A) Interaction among different kinds of organisms is important in evolution. B) Symbiosis ("living together") and co-evolution Example: (flowers and insects depend on eachother) are common forms of cooperation Structure determines function ("form fits function"): A) Biological structures are well suited to their functions. B) Through natural selection over 3 billion years of life history, organisms have adapted only those biological structures that perform specific functions well (e.g. different types of mouthparts in insects are specific functions). Homeostasis A) Organisms have to maintain relatively stable internal conditions so that they can function as living things, interact with other organisms, and adapt to their changing surroundings. B) Chemical reactions in metabolism play a key role in maintaining homeostasis, so that communication is possible among different organelles, cells, tissues, and organs. Biological Classification (Linnaean Hierachy from broad to narrow) Domain (Eukarya) Kingdom (Animalia) Phylum or division (Chordata) Class (Mammalia) Order (Primates) Family (Hominidae) Genus (Homo) Species (Homosapiens) Domain is the most inclusive of the 4 Order is the most inclusive of the 4 3 Domains of life 5 kingdoms of life are classified into 3 domains. The 3 domains can be divided into 2 groups: A. cells without a nucleus (prokaryotes) B. cells with a nucleus (Eukaryotes) -Prokaryotes are split into domains Archaea and bacteria. -Eukaryotes are placed in the domain Eukarya which include kingdom Animalia, kingdom Plantae, kingdom Fungi - MULTICELLULAR, & kingdom Protista (UNICELLULAR forms). - Plants are photosynthetic. - Fungi: absorb their nutrients from decomposing organic material. - Animals: ingest other organisms. The 5 kingdoms of (Life) living organisms 1. kingdom Monera - All prokaryotic cells (ex. bacteria). 2. kingdom Protista - protozoans and algae. 3. kingdom Fungi - fungi and yeasts. 4. kingdom Plantae - plants and algae. 5. Kingdom Animalia - All animals. Species (Robert Whittaker in the 1960s created classification scheme) Species is usually defined as "a population of organisms who are capable of interbreeding and producing viable offspring." (This definition excludes exceptions such as hybrid reproduction; a mule is produced by a male donkey and a female horse). Speciation New species arise in evolution over long periods of time which are called mutations or can also be speciation which involves the splitting of a species into 2 or more different species due to geographical isolation "Diffrences". Chemistry Sciences that deals with the composition of substances and the changes that take place in their composition. Organic Chemistry Chemistry that deals with organic substances (those that contain carbon and hydrogen). Biochemistry Chemistry of living organisms. Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass. Elements Basic chemical units that cannot be broken down by chemical process. There are 92 elements in nature, 25 are required by all living organisms, 4 most important are O2 (oxygen), C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen) and N (Nitrogen). Making up 96.3% of human body. Compound 2 or more elements (atoms) combined in a field ratio. Isotopes Some elements have the same number of protons and electrons but different Numbers of neutrons. General Chemistry; Atoms Smallest units that make up all matters. • Each atom consists of a nucleus at the center where 2 types of subatomic particles are present - protons (p+) and neutrons (n). • The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom determines the kind of atom (currently there are 109 different kinds of atom known). Electrons Orbiting outside of the nucleus are electrons (e-) which can interact with other electrons of other atoms and from chemical bonding. When the number of protons ("atomic number" or AN) equals the number of electrons, all electrical charges are balanced, resulting in