CDIS 4610 - FINAL Questions And Answers

CDIS 4610 - FINAL QuesCDIS 4610 - FINAL Communication - ANS an exchange of ideas between senders & receivers Sociolinguistics - ANS the study of influences such as cultural identity, setting, and participants on communicative variables Language - ANS a socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols Phonology - ANS the study of the sound systems of language Syntax - ANS how words are arranged in a sentence Pragmatics - ANS the use,function, or purpose of communication acts and context Speech - ANS the process of producing the acoustic representations or sounds of language (features-articulation, fluency, and voice) Articulation - ANS rapid and coordinated movements of the tongue, teeth, lips, and palate to produce speech production Fluency - ANS smoothness of rhythm and rate Rate - ANS the speed at which something occurs. In speech, this may be the number of words or syllables in a given period of time Pitch - ANS the perceptual counterpart to fundamental frequency associated with the speed of vocal fold vibration Habitual pitch - ANS the basic frequency level that an individual uses most of the time Intonation - ANS pitch movement within an utterance Artifacts - ANS the way you look and the way you have decorated yourself and your personal environment communicate something about you Kinesics - ANS the study of body movement and gesture - aka body language Proxemics - ANS the study of physical distance between people Tactile - ANS touch behaviors, such as hand on shoulder, that signal communication Chronemics - ANS the study of the effects of time on communication Etiology (congenital) - ANS cause/origin of the problem (congenital=present @ birth) Categorizing Communication Disorders: Severity - ANS classifications: borderline, mild, severe, profound Categorizing Communication Disorders: Dialects - ANS have specific vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, rate, and rhythm of speech, topics of communication, body language, and pragmatic rules Language Disorders of Form - ANS SLI (specific language impairment) Language Disorders of Content - ANS aphasia, trauma Language Disorders of Use - ANS ASD (autism spectrum disorder) Speech Disorders of Fluency - ANS stuttering, cluttering, developmental disfluency Speech Disorders of Articulation - ANS misarticulation, dysarthria, apraxia Speech Disorders of Voice - ANS vocal abuse, aphonia Hard of Hearing - ANS a person may have trouble keeping up with a conversation, mumbling, struggle to speak, presence of background noise (bilateral (both ears), unilateral (one ear), and sensorineural or mixed) Auditory Processing Disorder - ANS deficits and decoding integration, organization, understanding speech under adverse conditions, short-term memory, multiple categories (hearing disorder/problems with reception) Intentionality - ANS goal directedness in interactions which is first demonstrated at about 8 months of age, primarily through gestures Protowords - ANS an early word-like utterance produced by an infant before it has acquired the language Representation - ANS the process of having one thing stand for another (for example a piece of paper as a blanket for a doll) Symbolization - ANS use of an arbitrary symbol such as a word or sign, to stand for something Fast Mapping - ANS the process in which a child infers the meaning of a word from context at the later time. Comprehension expands overtimes and allows for faster growth of speech Mean Length of Utterance (calculation) - ANS the average lengths of utterance measured in morphemes (divide # of morphemes by utterances) Metalinguistic Skills - ANS abilities that enable a child to consider language in the abstract, to make judgments about its correctness and to create verbal contexts, such as writing Learning Disabilities: diagnosis, causes, language deficits - ANS a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in acquisition and use of listening, speaking, leading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities (3% of population-language-learning disabilities=75% of LD population/ more male than female/ 6 categories of characterization (motor, attention, perception, symbol, memory, emotion)) Intellectual Disability Cause - ANS biological factors: familial (most common), genetic & chromosomal/ maternal sickness & toxins -- socioenvironmental factors: stimulation impoverished/ inadequate diet or medical care -- fragile x syndrome and down syndrome Intellectual Disability: cause, diagnosis,language deficit - ANS aprox 2.5% of the population--substantial limitations in intellectual functioning including language--significant limitations in adaptive behavior consisting of conceptual, social and practice skills--originates before 18 years old--severity can be seen from IQ and ranges from mild to profound--new severity rating based on needed assistance for daily tasks Specific Language Impairment: diagnosis, causes, language deficit - ANS primary impairment in language functioning--absence of all other possible disorders--cannot be attributed to any IQ issue,s structure, or function--language performance significantly lower than intellectual perf--10-15% of population with SLI--more males than females Learning Disabilities: language characteristics - ANS language form, content, and use can be affected--deducing language rules is difficult--cluttering(overuse of filler, rapid speech, repetitions, lack of awareness)--attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(underlying neurological impairment in executive functioning that regulates behavior) Autism Spectrum Disorder: diagnosis, causes, associated motor/secondary behaviors, language deficits - ANS incidence is 1 in 8 children--persistent social communication problems across contexts--restricted repetitive patterns of behavior interest, or activity--motor patterns(rocking, fascination with objects that spin)--certain routines, objects, food, clothing--boys are 5x more likely to be ASD-- cause: genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors ASD:language characteristics-communication delay - ANS nonverbal facial expression, body language, gestures--lack typical prosody, echolalia ASD: language characteristics-form - ANS least affected, delayed acquisition of words, word combinations,syntax ASD:language characteristics-pragmatics - ANS understanding and applying social norms of conversation, conversational contexts, taking turns talking, initiation, maintaining and terminating topics SLI: language characteristics-form - ANS extracting regularities from language, constructing words, grammatical markers/syntax, morphological markers SLI: language characteristics- content - ANS reduced vocabulary, slow rate of vocab acquisition, word learning SLI: language characteristics- use - ANS contextual use of language, deficits in recognizing or expressing emotions-- slow rate of speech with frequent speech disruptions Brain Injury: Cause - ANS TBI, stroke, congenital malformation, convulsive disorders, and encephalopathy Brain Injury: Deficits - ANS depends on the site of the lesion, extent of lesion, age of onset, and age on injury--cognitive, behavioral, academic, linguistic deficits Brain Injury: language characteristics - ANS evident after mild injuries--pragmatic remain long after injury-- language comprehension and higher functions are imnpaired--word retrieval, naming, object description, and narration may be difficult--language form is relatively unaffected Hemiparesis - ANS muscle weakness on one side of the body, resulting in reduced strength and control Hemiplegia - ANS paralysis of one side of the body Anomia - ANS difficulty naming entities Dysphagia - ANS a disorder of swallowing Paraphasia - ANS word substitution in clients who may talk fluently and grammatically Neologism - ANS a novel word; some individuals with aphasia may create novel words that do not exist in their language Jargon - ANS meaningless or irrelevant speech with typical intonational patterns Cerebrum - ANS largest part of the brain--speech=left side Broca's Area - ANS frontal lobe--sends programming info to the motor cortex and in turn motor neurons--speech production(you understand the conversation but can not physically produce the words) Wernicke's Area - ANS comprehension of speech (you can produce words but they're not relevant to the conversation) Arcuate Fasciculus - ANS combinations of wrnickes and broca-- transmission of neurons from wernickes to brova is disrupted Cerebral hemisphere-functions - ANS half of cerebrum--controls muscle function, speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learn Neuron - ANS cell body,axon,dendrite,synapse Cerebellum/Brain Stem - ANS damage to cerebellum can cause dysarthria Aphasia - ANS acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from an injury to the brain Aphasia Deficits - ANS spoken language comprehension and expression, written and reading comprehension Aphasia causes - ANS stroke, primary progressive aphasia, brain tumor/injury/infections Right Hemisphere Damage - ANS group of deficits resulting from right hemisphere injury--neuromuscular damage,perceptual deficits, linguistic deficits, personality change, mood change, unusual behavior RHD -linguistic - ANS pragmatics, auditory comprehension of complex info, literal interpretation, visual comprehension of complex ingo, word fluency, writing/oral reading,monotonous, lack of emotionality in speech,identifying relevant info, problems with conversation rules, impulsivity, confabulation RHD-non-linguistic - ANS left side neglect, disorientation to time and directions, anosognosia, visuospatial deficits of left side space, body language and facial expressions Traumatic Brain injury - ANS disruption in normal functioning cause by a blow or jolt to the head or penetrating head injury Traumatic Brain Injury- deficits - ANS linguistic,sensory,motor, behavioral, epilepsy, hemiparesis, hemiplegia Traumatic Brain Injury- causes - ANS falls, motor accidents, sports,assaults TBI Types - open injury - ANS "penetrating"--occur from penetrating agents--fractured or perforated skull-- damage to the brain tissue TBI Types - closed injury - ANS non-penetrating-- meninges surrounding brain remain intact(accident, blunt blow, fall, violence)-- no foreign subjects enters the brain-- induce complex, longer lasting symptoms Differences Between Aphasia and TBI - ANS TBI results in more pragmatic problems than aphasia--TBI results in more rambling and confused speech--TBI patients may be more talkative than those with Broca's Aphasia Pitch - ANS the perceptual counterpart to the fundamental frequency associated with the speed of vocal fold vibration Loudness - ANS volume of voice:measured in decibels (dB) Fundamental Frequency - ANS the lowest frequency component of a complex vibration Stridor - ANS noisy breathing or involuntary sound that accompanies inspiration and expiration Aphonia - ANS a complete loss of voice Diplophonia - ANS the perception of two vocal frequencies 3 majors aspects of voice and associated deficits - ANS pitch--loudness--quality 3 majors aspects of voice and associated deficits- pitch - ANS monopitch, inappropriate loudness, pitch breaks 3 majors aspects of voice and associated deficits- loudness - ANS monoloudness, inappropriate loudness 3 majors aspects of voice and associated deficits- quality - ANS hoarseness/roughness, breathiness, tremor, strain/struggle Functional disorder - ANS functional: muscle tension dysphonia, conversion dysphonia Organic Disorder - ANS organic: structural abnormalities (vocal nodule, vocal polyp, contract ulcers, granuloma, laryngitis, papilloma, web, cancer) ; neurological disorders (damage to cranial nerve, parkinsons, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spasmodic dysphonia) Vocal Nodule vs. Vocal Polyp - ANS polyps can occur on either one or both vocal cords and are more vascularized(reddish in color)- larger than nodules and resemble blisters Resonance and Features of Resonance Disorders - ANS quality of the voice that is produced from sound vibrations in the pharyngeal, oral, nasal cavities-- disorders; hypernasality, nasal emission, hyponasality Velopharyngeal Dysfunction - ANS failure to separate the oral and nasal cavities Nasal Emission - ANS audible release of air through the nose during speech Hypernasality - ANS a disorder in which air flows through the nasal cavity while producing sounds for which it should not (talking through nose) Hyponasality - ANS a disorder in which air does not flow through the nasal cavity while producing sound it should (stuffed nose) Audiology - ANS professional discipline involving the assessment, remediation, and prevention of disorders of hearing and balance Auditory Pathway - ANS medial geniculate, inferior colliculus, superior olive, cochlear nucleus Otoscopic Examinations - ANS audiological otoscopic examinations (light shined ro help visualize and examine the conditions of ear canal and ear drum) Audiometry - ANS measurement of the range and sensitivity of a person's hearing Speech Audiometry - ANS provides information on the word recognition and about discomfort or tolerance to speech stimuli Processing Test - ANS test of memory, language, and auditory processing ( not actual academic concepts) Aural Rehabilitation - ANS counseling, hearing aids/CI, hearing assistive technology, skill development, speech leading environments, routine follow up Otoacoustic Emissions - ANS sounds of cochlear origin can be recorder by a microphone fitted into the ear canal-- caused by the motion of the cochleas sensory hair cells as they energetically respond to auditory stimulation Auditory Processing - ANS difficulty in the efficiency and effectiveness by central nervous system uses auditory information (can hear but trouble making sense of sounds) Auditory Evoked Potentials - ANS record of the time it takes nerves in the auditory system to respond to sound and electrical stimulation-- nerve signals are rapidly sent form the parts of the ear to the brain and vice versa Assistive Technology - ANS commonly split four different groups- amplified telephones, notification systems, personal, amplifiers, tv streamers Acoustic Immittance - ANS measurement of energy or air pressure flow, which involves the ear canal, eardrum, ossicular chain, tensor tympani, stapedius muscle, cochlea, and the brainstem (mass mobility and resistance of the outer and middle ear systems affects this) Conductive Hearing Loss - ANS reduction in hearing sensitivity due to a disorder of the outer or middle ear--Anotia, Atresia, Cerumen impaction, Otitis media with effusion,Tympanic membrane perforation, Cholesteatoma, Otosclerosis Sensorineural hearing loss - ANS Reduction in hearing sensitivity due to a disorder of the inner ear--Cochlear malformation, Genetic syndromes, Infection, Noise-induced hearing loss, Ototoxic medications, Meniere's Disease, Presbycusis - ANS Mixed hearing loss - ANS Reduction in hearing sensitivity due to a disorder of the outer/middle AND inner ear Central Auditory processing Disorder: - ANS Difficult in interpreting auditory information tions And Answers