Bio 253 final Exam Questions With Correct Answers

Organelles are - Organs of the Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra draw and label a kidney with the following terms: Cortex, Medulla, Pelvis, renal artery, renal vein, ureter, nephron - functional unit of the kidney - nephron 1 million per kidney! What parts make up the nephron? - Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Glomerulus (capillaries that filter the blood plasma) Bowman's capsule (surrounds the glomerulus) Efferent arteriole loop of henle What is the glomerulus made of? - capillaries Function of a nephron - filter blood and produce urine Two nephron types - juxtamedullary and cortical juxtamedullary nephrons - -Long nephron loops deeply invade medulla -Ascending limbs have thick and thin segments -Important in production of concentrated urine -found at the boundary of the cortex and medulla cortical nephrons - -85% of all nephrons -short nephron loops -efferent arterioles branch into peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT How is urine made in the kidney? - 1.)Reabsorption - moving substances with tubule into the blood. 2.)filtration - occurs in the glomerulus or renal corpuscle 3.)secretion 4.)filtration driving force for filtration - hydrostatic pressure or BP What fluid comes out of the glomerulus? - filtrate What is filtrate? - mostly water, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. Glucose is normal in filtrate. -similar to blood plasma Reabsorption in the Nephron Loop - Only water is absorbed in the descending limb. Na+ chloride is absorbed in the ascending limb (no water). Status of water coming out of nephron loop? - @ Lowest concentration (diluted) Process taking place in nephron loop? - Countercurrent mechanism (dilutes the urine). Can also create concentrated urine from the Na+ absorbed in the ascending limb. tubular secretion - -selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts -From blood to tubular -Usually in the distal tubule -K+, H+, Uric acid, Penicillin are secreted Hormones that regulate kidney function - directly : ADH Aldosterone ANH indirectly : Renin (created by kidney) Angiotensin Aldosterone function - -decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood Aldosterone: Target Cells - kidneys ANH function - Tells kidneys that blood volume is too high, so dumps out H20 and Na+ Effects of ADH - increases reabsorption of water from urine back into plasma and therefore, decreases the volume of water that is excreted -secreted by posterior pituitary gland -when a person is dehydrated, hypothalamus makes them thirsty and retains more water because of the ADH flow of urine through kidney - Glomerulus Bowmans Capsule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Needed to form a blood clot - Ca+, K+, fibrinogen, platlets Hepatic drains blood from - small intestine, spleen, pancreas, stomach supplies the liver with blood form the aorta Parts of the nephron in order - Bowmans Capsule - Proximal Tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal Tubule - Collecting duct function of upper respiratory tract - filters, warms, and humidifies air function of lower respiratory tract - Transports air to lungs for gas exchange Upper respiratory structures - nasal naries, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx Lower respiratory structures - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, bronchiole tree Proximal tubule function - tubular reabsorption, it reabsorbs from the filtrate the "good stuff" and puts it back into the blood Glomerulus function - produces ultra filtrate which then passes through tubules. Capsules block passage of red blood cells and large molecules like protein distal convoluted tubule function - secretion Urine normal range - book says 6 : (4.5-8) Substances that should not be found in filtrate - Protein, blood substances that should not be found in urine - blood, protein, glucose Aldosterone - Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water -adrenal cortex nephron in the cortex - What is the basic functional unit of the kidney? Where in the kidney is it located? glomerulus - A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. largest fluid distribution in the body - intracellular or interstitial (66%) Other name for intracellular - cytoplasm Subcompartments of ECF - -plasma in the blood -CSF -mucous -serous fluid