UPDATED Hilliard Patho 370 WEEK 1/2 Quiz VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2023/2024

Tertiary Prevention Examples - ANSWER Counseling on medication Latent period - ANSWER may or may not have signs/symptoms signs/symptoms become mild, silent, or disappear Prodromal Period - ANSWER time during which first signs and/or symptoms appear indicating onset of disease (have signs/symptoms) Endemic - ANSWER native to a local region Subclinical - ANSWER patient functions normally; disease processes are well established has a disease but is being managed through meds etc already diagnosed but not showing sing/symptoms (ex: hypertension) Primary Prevention Examples - ANSWER Vaccinations Patient education (do before disease develops) Allostasis - ANSWER Overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and homeostasis Hormones secreted during stress response - ANSWER Norepinephrine Epinephrine Aldosterone Cortisol Endorphins Enkephalins Immune Cytokines Prolactin Growth Oxytocin Seyle's Three Phases of Stress - ANSWER Alarm Stage Resistance/Adaptation Exhaustion Sympathetic Nervous system mediated by - ANSWER Norepinephrine Epinephrine Intracellular Accumulation - ANSWER Faulty Metabolism (fatty liver) Atrophy - ANSWER decreased cell size Hypertrophy - ANSWER increased cell size Hyperplasia - ANSWER increased cell number Metaplasia - ANSWER conversion of one cell type to another Dysplasia - ANSWER disorderly growth Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWER begins with ischemia ends with degradation of plasma membrane black and dry Liquefactive - ANSWER occurs with dissolution of dead cells formation of abscess or cyst from dissolves dead tissue soft appearance common internally (brain/intestine) Fat - ANSWER death of adipose tissue Result of trauma or pancreatitis appears chalky white area of tissue (breast, pancreas; multiple spots) Caseous - ANSWER characteristic of lung damage secondary to tb resembles clumpy cheese Apoptosis - ANSWER cellular death Side effects of chemotherapy - ANSWER attacks cancer and normal cells Epithelial and blood cells -Red blood cells (*anemia) -white blood cells (*prone to infections) -platelets (*bleeding) -Epithelial lining of stomach (*nausea) "-oma" - ANSWER suffix indicates benign tumor (adenoma) "-carcinoma" & "-sarcoma" - ANSWER indicate malignant tumor Carcinoma (epithelial origin) Sarcoma (mesenchymal origin; bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue etc) Exceptions to "-oma" - ANSWER Lymphoma Hepatoma Melanomas All malignant Grading vs Staging - ANSWER lacking at cell differentiation vs looking at how tumor is metastasizing Defects in immune system - ANSWER Chemotherapy Cancer cells Cancer metastasis to bone marrow Malnutrition Tumor Marker Functions - ANSWER Produced by normal cells Help determine cancer origin Help identify progression of cancer include prostatic specific antigen Released by primary cancer #2 Type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER (atopic or anaphylactic) is an immediate allergic or anaphylactic type of reaction mediated primarily by sensitized mast cells How is Type I hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER initiated when IgE antibodies located on the mast cell membrane are bound by antigen, with subsequent cross-linking of IgE receptors. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that mediate the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. What is released and caused by Type I hypersensitivity? - ANSWER Released (from mast cells): histamine, kinin, prostaglandins, interleukins. leukotrienes cause increased vascular permeability, vasodilation, hypotension, urticaria, and bronchoconstriction. How long does type I hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs within 15-30mins Examples of type I hypersensitivity - ANSWER drug reactions, rhinitis, atopic eczema, bee sting reactions, and asthma. Type II Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (cytotoxic or cytolytic) occurs when antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces, usually resulting in lysis of target cells. How is type II hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER Cell lysis may be mediated by (IgM or IgG) activated complement fragments (membrane attack complex) or by phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by the attached antibodies. How long does Type II Hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs within 15-30 mins Examples of Type II Hypersensitivity - ANSWER transfusion reactions, erythroblastosis fetalis, myasthenia gravis, and hyperacute graft rejection. Type III Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (Immune Complex/Arthus Reaction) reactions occur when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of complement and subsequent tissue inflammation and destruction How is Type III hypersensitivity initiated? - ANSWER Mediated by IgG. Antigen- antibody complexes activate the complement cascade and subsequently attract phagocytic cells to the tissue. History of persistent low-grade infections, inhalation of antigens into alveoli, and autoimmune production of antibodies may result in chronic production of antigen- antibody complexes. How long does Type III hypersensitivity occur? - ANSWER Occurs in 6 hours Examples of Type III hypersensitivity - ANSWER glomerulonephritis, SLE, farmer's lung arthritis, vasculitis. Type IV Hypersensitivity - ANSWER (delayed-hypersensivity) reactions are T-cell mediated and do not require antibody production, in contrast to type I, II, and III reactions.