Page 1 of 822
TEST BANK FOR Basic and Clinical Pharmacology 15th
Edition by Bertram G. Katzung
Chapters 1 - 66 Complete
, Page 2 of 822
Table of Contents
1. Introduction: The Nature of Drugs & Drug Development & Regulation
2. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics
3. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time Course of Drug Action
4. Drug Biotransformation
5. Pharmacogenomics
6. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology
7. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs
8. Cholinoceptor-Blocking Drugs
9. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs
10. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs
11. Antihypertensive Agents
12. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris
13. Drugs Used in Heart Failure
14. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias
15. Diuretic Agents
16. Histamine, Serotonin, & the Ergot Alkaloids
17. Vasoactive Peptides
18. The Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, & Related Compounds
19. Nitric Oxide
20. Drugs Used in Asthma
21. Introduction to the Pharmacology of CNS Drugs
22. Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
23. The Alcohols
24. Antiseizure Drugs
25. General Anesthetics
26. Local Anesthetics
27. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
28. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement Disorders
29. Antipsychotic Agents & Lithium
30. Antidepressant Agents
31. Opioid Agonists & Antagonists
32. Drugs of Abuse
33. Agents Used in Cytopenias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors
34. Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation
35. Agents Used in Dyslipidemia
36. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs, Nonopioid Analgesics, & Drugs
, Page 3 of 822
Used in Gout
37. Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones
38. Thyroid & Antithyroid Drugs
39. Adrenocorticosteroids & Adrenocortical Antagonists
40. The Gonadal Hormones & Inhibitors
41. Pancreatic Hormones & Antidiabetic Drugs
42. Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis
43. Beta-Lactam & Other Cell Wall- & Membrane-Active Antibiotics
44. Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptogramins, & Oxazolidinones
45. Aminoglycosides & Spectinomycin
46. Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, & Quinolones
47. Antimycobacterial Drugs
48. Antifungal Agents
49. Antiviral Agents
50. Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents; Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants
51. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
52. Antiprotozoal Drugs
53. Clinical Pharmacology of the Antihelminthic Drugs
54. Cancer Chemotherapy
55. Immunopharmacology
56. Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental
57. Heavy Metal Intoxication & Chelators
58. Management of the Poisoned Patient
59. Special Aspects of Perinatal & Pediatric Pharmacology
60. Special Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology
61. Dermatologic Pharmacology
62. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases
63. Therapeutic & Toxic Potential of Over-the-Counter Agents
64. Dietary Supplements & Herbal Medications
65. Rational Prescribing & Prescription Writing
66. Important Drug Interactions & Their Mechanisms
, Page 4 of 822
Chapter 1. Introduction: The Nature of Drugs & Drug Development & Regulation
1. A nurse working in radiology administers iodine to a patient who is having a
computed tomography (CT) scan. The nurse working on the oncology unit
administers chemotherapy to patients who have cancer. At the Public
Health Department, a nurse administers a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)
vaccine toa 14-month-old child as a routine immunization. Which branch of
pharmacology best describes the actions of all three nurses?
A) Pharmacoeconomics
B) Pharmacotherapeutics
C) Pharmacodynamics
D) Pharmacokinetics
ANSWER: B
Feedback:
Pharmacology is the study of the biologic effects of chemicals. Nurses are
involved with clinical pharmacology or pharmacotherapeutics, which is a
branch of pharmacology that deals with the uses of drugs to treat, prevent,
and diagnose disease. The radiology nurse is administering a drug to help
diagnose a disease. The oncology nurse is administering a drug to help treat
adisease. Pharmacoeconomics includes any costs involved in drug therapy.
Pharmacodynamics involves how a drug affects the body
andpharmacokinetics is how the body acts on the body.
2. A physician has ordered intramuscular (IM) injections of morphine, a
narcotic, every 4 hours as needed for pain in a motor vehicle accident
victim.The nurse is aware this drug has a high abuse potential. Under what
categorywould morphine be classified?
A) Schedule I
B) Schedule II
, Page 5 of 822
C) Schedule III
D) Schedule IV
ANSWER: B
Feedback:
Narcotics with a high abuse potential are classified as Schedule II drugs
because of severe dependence liability. Schedule I drugs have high abuse
potential and no accepted medical use. Schedule III drugs have a lesser
abuse potential than II and an accepted medical use. Schedule IV drugs
havelow abuse potential and limited dependence liability.
3. When involved in phase III drug evaluation studies, what responsibilities
would the nurse have?
A) Working with animals who are given experimental drugs
B) Choosing appropriate patients to be involved in the drug study
C) Monitoring and observing patients closely for adverse effects
D) Conducting research to determine effectiveness of the drug
ANSWER: C
Feedback:
Phase III studies involve use of a drug in a vast clinical population in which
patients are asked to record any symptoms they experience while taking
thedrugs. Nurses may be responsible for helping collect and analyze the
information to be shared with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but
would not conduct research independently because nurses do not
prescribe medications. Use of animals in drug testing is done in the
preclinical trials. Select patients who are involved in phase II studies to
participate in studies where the participants have the disease the drug is
intended to treat. These patients are monitored closely for drug action
and adverse effects. Phase I studies involve healthy human volunteers
who are usually paid for their participation. Nurses may observe for
adverse effects and toxicity.
4. What concept is considered when generic drugs are substituted for
brandname drugs?
A) Bioavailability
, Page 6 of 822
B) Critical concentration
C) Distribution
D) Half-life
ANSWER: A
Feedback:
Bioavailability is the portion of a dose of a drug that reaches the systemic
circulation and is available to act on body cells. Binders used in a generic
drug may not be the same as those used in the brand name drug.
Therefore, the way the body breaks down and uses the drug may differ,
which may eliminate a generic drug substitution. Critical concentration is
the amount ofa drug that is needed to cause a therapeutic effect and
should not differ between generic and brand name medications.
Distribution is the phase of pharmacokinetics, which involves the
movement of a drug to the bodys tissues and is the same in generic and
brand name drugs. A drugs half-life isthe time it takes for the amount of
drug to decrease to half the peak level, which should not change when
substituting a generic medication.
5. A nurse is assessing the patients home medication use. After listening to
thepatient list current medications, the nurse asks what priority question?
A) Do you take any generic medications?
B) Are any of these medications orphan drugs?
C) Are these medications safe to take during pregnancy?
D) Do you take any over-the-counter medications?
ANSWER: D
Feedback:
It is important for the nurse to specifically question use of over-the-
counter medications because patients may not consider them important.
The patient is unlikely to know the meaning of orphan drugs unless they
too are health care providers. Safety during pregnancy, use of a generic
medication, or classification of orphan drugs are things the patient would
be unable to answer but could be found in reference books if the nurse
wishes to researchthem.
, Page 7 of 822
6. After completing a course on pharmacology for nurses, what will the
nurseknow?
A) Everything necessary for safe and effective medication administration
B) Current pharmacologic therapy; the nurse will not require
ongoingeducation for 5 years.
C) General drug information; the nurse can consult a drug guide for
specificdrug information.
D) The drug actions that are associated with each classification
ofmedication
ANSWER: C
Feedback:
After completing a pharmacology course nurses will have general drug
information needed for safe and effective medication administration but
willneed to consult a drug guide for specific drug information before
administering any medication. Pharmacology is constantly changing, with
new drugs entering the market and new uses for existing drugs identified.
Continuing education in pharmacology is essential to safe practice. Nurses
tend to become familiar with the medications they administer most often,
butthere will always be a need to research new drugs and also those the
nurse is not familiar with because no nurse knows all medications.
7. A nurse is instructing a pregnant patient concerning the potential risk to her
fetus from a Pregnancy Category B drug. What would the nurse inform the
patient?
A) Adequate studies in pregnant women have demonstrated there is no
riskto the fetus.
B) Animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to the fetus, but there
havebeen no adequate studies in pregnant women.
C) Animal studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but there
areno adequate studies in pregnant women.
D) There is evidence of human fetal risk, but the potential benefits from
useof the drug may be acceptable despite potential risks.
ANSWER: B
, Page 8 of 822
Feedback:
Category B indicates that animal studies have not demonstrated a risk to
thefetus. However, there have not been adequate studies in pregnant
women todemonstrate risk to a fetus during the first trimester of
pregnancy and no evidence of risk in later trimesters. Category A indicates
that adequate studies in pregnant women have not demonstrated a risk to
the fetus in the first trimester or in later trimesters. Category C indicates
that animal studieshave shown an adverse effect on the fetus, but no
adequate studies in humans. Category D reveals evidence of human fetal
risk, but the potential benefits from the use of the drugs in pregnant
women may outweigh potential risks.
8. Discharge planning for patients leaving the hospital should include
instructions on the use of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Which comment
bythe patient would demonstrate a good understanding of OTC drugs?
A) OTC drugs are safe and do not cause adverse effects if taken properly.
B) OTC drugs have been around for years and have not been tested by
theFood and Drug Administration (FDA).
C) OTC drugs are different from any drugs available by prescription and
cost less.
D) OTC drugs could cause serious harm if not taken according to directions.
ANSWER: D
Feedback:
It is important to follow package directions because OTCs are medications
that can cause serious harm if not taken properly. OTCs are drugs that have
been determined to be safe when taken as directed; however, all drugs can
produce adverse effects even when taken properly. They may have
originallybeen prescription drugs that were tested by the FDA or they may
have been grandfathered in when the FDA laws changed. OTC education
should always be included as a part of the hospital discharge instructions.
9. What would be the best source of drug information for a nurse?
A) Drug Facts and Comparisons
B) A nurses drug guide
, Page 9 of 822
C) A drug package insert
D) The Physicians Drug Reference (PDR)
ANSWER: B
Feedback:
A nurses drug guide provides nursing implications and patient teaching
points that are most useful to nurses in addition to need-to-know drug
information in a very user friendly organizational style.Lippincotts Nursing
Drug Guide (LNDG) has drug monographs organized alphabetically and
includes nursing implications and patient teaching points. Numerous
other drug handbooks are also on the market and readily available for
nurses to use. Although other drug reference books such as Drug Facts
and Comparisons, PDR, and drug package inserts can all provide essential
druginformation, they will not contain nursing implications and teaching
pointsand can be more difficult to use than nurses drug guides.
10 The nurse is preparing to administer a medication from a multidose bottle.
. The label is torn and soiled but the name of the medication is still readable.
What is the nurses priority action?
A) Discard the entire bottle and contents and obtain a new bottle.
B) Find the drug information and create a new label for the bottle.
C) Ask another nurse to verify the contents of the bottle.
D) Administer the medication if the name of the drug can be clearly read.
ANSWER: A
Feedback:
When the drug label is soiled obscuring some information the safest action
by the nurse is to discard the bottle and contents because drug labels
containa great deal of important information, far more than just the name
of the drug. Concentration of the drug, expiration date, administration
directions, and precautions may be missing from the label and so put the
patient at risk.Looking up drug information in a drug handbook or
consulting with anothernurse will not supply the expiration date or
concentration of medication. Be safe and discard the bottle and its
contents.
, Page 10 of 822
11 What aspect of pharmacology does a nurse study? (Select all that apply.)
.
A) Chemical pharmacology
B) Molecular pharmacology
C) Impact of drugs on the body
D) The bodys response to a drug
E) Adverse and anticipated drug effects
ANSWER: C, D, E
Feedback:
Nurses study pharmacology from a pharmacotherapeutic level, which
includes the effect of drugs on the body, the bodys response to drugs, and
both expected and unexpected drug effects. Chemical and molecular
pharmacology (Options A and B) are not included in nursing pharmacology
courses.
12 The nurse, providing patient teaching about home medication use to an older
. adult, explains that even when drugs are taken properly they can
producenegative or unexpected effects. What are these negative or
unexpected effects called?
A) Teratogenic effects
B) Toxic effects
C) Adverse effects
D) Therapeutic effects
ANSWER: C
Feedback:
Negative or unexpected effects are known as adverse or side effects.
Teratogenic effects are adverse effects on the fetus and not a likely
concernfor an older adult. Toxic effects occur when medication is taken in
larger than recommended dosages caused by an increase in serum drug
levels.
Therapeutic effects are the desired actions for which the medication
isprescribed.
