PC707 Module 1 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions

PC707 Module 1 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions What is prescriptive authority? - answerLegal right to prescribe drugs Is the Physicians Desk Reference a reliable source to use when prescribing drugs? - answerNo--it is not evidence-based and it is not updated What is the sunshine act? - answer-part of the affordable care act -limits providers on accepting gifts from pharmaceutical companies -reduces bias What is pharmacology? - answer-study of the drugs and their actions and effects on living things -legal drugs, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, OTC drugs How does the FDA define drugs that they approve? - answer-chemicals that have been proved for safety and efficacy What must providers consider when prescribing? - answer-the dose -the route of administration -indications -side effects of consequence -adverse effects -contraindications -significant drug-drug interactions -appropriate monitoring -treatment of side effects if necessary What is pharmacokinetics? - answer-how drugs move in the body and what the body does with it How does pharmacokinetics influence prescribing? - answer-the route -the dosage needed -dosing intervals What are the 4 aspects of pharmacokinetics? - answer-absorption -distribution -metabolism -excretion What affects bioavailability the most? - answerPO administration What is a pro-drug? - answer-a drug that needs to be metabolized to become "activated" What is the major organ of metabolism? - answer-Liver -Uses enzymes called "CYPs" -these enzymes can induce or inhibit metabolism What is protein-binding? - answer-drugs that have a high affinity for proteins will bind with them and therefore become unable to bind to receptor sites -in order to activate receptors they must be free circulating molecules What is the half-life of a drug? - answer-how long it takes for a drug at its original amount to be reduced by 50% Why is it important to know the half-life of a drug? - answer-to help determine dosing intervals to maintain therapeutic levels What is the first-pass effect? - answer-alteration of the drug dose by metabolism before it reaches systemic circulation -only happens with PO medications What are the genetic variances of metabolism? - answer-poor metabolizers (certain enzymes are little to none) -intermediate metabolizers -extensive metabolizers (NORMAL) -ultra-rapid metabolizers (duplicate genes to make extra enzymes) What is the primary organ of excretion? - answerkidneys What are other methods of excretion? - answer-saliva -sweat -breastmilk -skin -lungs Why would the elderly have a smaller first-pass effect? Why is this important to know? - answer-decreased liver mass -decreased enzymes --this is important because with a smaller first pass effect higher drugs levels will reach circulation What does the rate of excretion depend primarily on? - answer-renal blood flow -glomerular filtration rate Can side effects be negative AND positive? - answerYes What is an adverse effect? - answer-negative side effect -undesirable -unintended What are contraindications? - answer-do not give -the risks outweigh the benefits What are relative contraindications? - answer-the consideration that there are rare exceptions to the rule -the risk of NOT taking the medication potentially is greater than the risk of taking it What are precautions? - answer-"warnings" -clinically significant -providers must weight the risks vs benefits What is a black box warning? - answer-a potential adverse effect is serious enough that the risk must be thoughtfully considered OR -a potential adverse effect that can be reduced or eliminated by appropriate use