Kuby Immunology Exam Questions All Solved

Kuby Immunology Exam Questions All Solved Variolation - Answer - dried crusts derived from smallpox pustules were either inhaled or inserted into small cuts in the skin Phagocytes - Answer - certain white bloods cells that ingest microorganisms and other foreign material Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes - Answer - detect changes that occur within the host cell by binding to the viral proteins present in the cytosol and initiate an early warning system to alert the cell about the invader. T Helper Cells - Answer - Guide the behavior of other immune cells and are pivotal for selecting the pathway taken by the immune response Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) - Answer - Common foreign structures that characterize whole groups of pathogens and what the immune system frequently recognizes first. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - Answer - Proteins encoded in the genomic DNA and are always expressed by many different immune cells. First line of defense for the quick detection of many of the typical chemical identifiers carried by the most common invaders and bind to PAMPs. Generation of Diversity - Answer - To favor randomness in the design of some recognition molecules. B-Cell Receptors - Answer - Recognition molecules that are in B cells and are antibodies in their secreted form. T-Cell Receptors - Answer - Recognition molecules that are in T cells and have no soluble form. Complement - Answer - Pre-existing serum proteins that bind common pathogenassociated structures and initiate a cascade of labeling and destruction events in the innate immunity. Adaptive Immunity - Answer - Slow but highly specialized to the pathogen, and rely on randomly generated recognition receptors made by B and T cells. Cytokines - Answer - Messenger proteins that bind to receptors on responding cells, inducing intracellular signaling cascades that can result in activation, proliferation, and differentiation of target cells. Immunologic Memory - Answer - Ability of the immune system to respond much more swiftly and with greater efficiency during a second exposure to the same pathogen. Primary Response - Answer - Key lymphocytes that will be used to eradicate the pathogen are clonally selected, honed, and enlisted to resolve the infection and create memory cells. Secondary Response - Answer - Subsequent encounters with the same antigen or pathogen. Pathological Inflammation - Answer - An influx of immune cells and molecules that results in detrimental symptoms, including chronic inflammation and rampant tissue destruction. Immune Deficiency - Answer - Caused by a failure to properly deploy the immune response, usually result in weakened or dysregulated immune responses that can allow pathogens to get the upper hand. Immune Imbalance - Answer - Result from changes in the environment that disrupt immune homeostasis, typically present as either allergic or autoimmune conditions. Hypersensitivity Reactions - Answer - Overly zealous attacks on common benign but foreign antigens. Anaphylaxis - Answer - An extreme, rapid, and often lethal overreaction of the immune response to something it has encountered before. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) - Answer - An antibody that binds to its specific antigen induces the release of substances that causes irritation and inflammation, or the accumulation of cells and fluid at the site.