Sociology Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions.

Sociology Final Exam Questions and Complete Solutions functionalism - Answer: The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system Social statics - Answer: involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure. Harriet Martineau was - Answer: an author concerned with the role of values in American life, a defender of women's rights and a supporter of the study of society as a separate scientific field. Choosing a biased sample - Answer: ____________ is not an ethical consideration in sociology? Spurious correlations - Answer: are those where the apparent relationship between two variables is actually produced by a third variable. theoretical perspective. - Answer: A tool that provides sociologists with a set of assumptions, concepts, and statements about the relationship of various social phenomena is called a(n) students who have more positive attitudes about sex are more likely to engage in sexual activity. - Answer: Ann Meier's investigations supports the hypothesis that states A correlation exists when - Answer: change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable. Feminist research methods include a commitment to - Answer: include women's lives in social research, reduce inequality and minimize research exploitation. Early American sociology - Answer: used a generally optimistic, forward-looking approach that was rooted in a belief in progress. Theory - Answer: helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena and often brings about research that can support or disprove rejected the scientific neutrality view because it was insensitive to social problems and human suffering. - Answer: The "new breed" of sociologists of the 1960s and 1970s often Social dynamics - Answer: __________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change. Darwinism. - Answer: Herbert Spencer applied the concept of survival of the fittest to the social world, an approach termed social Wright Mills noted that - Answer: one's personal troubles and public issues are intertwined, we cannot simply look to the "personal character" of individuals to explain changes in their lives, such as employment circumstances and the social forces of life play a large role in determining our life experience. lunar cycles. - Answer: In the Trobriand Islands, where gardening is a major focus of people's lives, the calendar is based on society - Answer: While culture provides the meanings that allow people to interpret their daily lives, _____________ is the concept that represents the networks of social relations that develop among a group of people. cultural relativism. - Answer: When social scientists examine the practice of the Inuits leaving their elderly to perish in the cold, they typically evaluate the behavior pattern in the context of the Inuit culture. This is an example of Duties - Answer: __________ are the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform. Master statuses. - Answer: ________ play a major role in determining what we will become and who we will be. Sapir and Whorf - Answer: developed the linguistic relativity hypothesis, proposed that people view the world differently depending on the nature of the concepts available in their language and argued that language has a powerful influence on thoughts. Helen Keller gained entrance to social life because - Answer: she grasped the significance of symbols, she eventually could "see" the association between a word and an experience, and she could conceive of things apart from their actual presence. Physical artifacts - Answer: ________ are NOT an example of nonmaterial culture. Mores - Answer: ______________ are rules that are seen as vital to a society's well-being and survival, people who break them are viewed as sinful, evil, and wicked. heavily affected by economic, organizational, legal, and technological factors. - Answer: The form and content of culture is category - Answer: Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as a collection of people who share a characteristic that is deemed to be of social significance. values. - Answer: A society's shared ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good are called The term society refers to - Answer: people living within a common territory and people who share some degree of a common cultur role strain. - Answer: A professor is supposed to be understanding and concerned about students, yet coldly objective while grading papers. These expectations may lead to ethnocentrism - Answer: The often unavoidable process of judging the behavior of others by our standards and tending to see "them" as inferior to "us" is called date back to ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. - Answer: Formal organizations Three microlevel theories of socialization - Answer: focus on how socialization occurs and include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism includes the learning of symbols and language. - Answer: In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage According to the text's discussion of group interactions and people's driving behavior, - Answer: None of these choices are correct!! the death rate is lower when teenagers travel in groups. b. for older drivers, fatal crash rates go up significantly for drivers with passengers. c. the highest death rate is for teenage drivers who are operating a vehicle alone. Incorrect Problems of bureaucracies include - Answer: oligarchy. high levels of redundancy. trained incapacity. Groups are - Answer: constructed realities. Incorrect not tangible things. a clear application of the Thomas Theorem. secondary groups - Answer: Groups in which the relationships are primarily impersonal and instrumental are public school - Answer: A(n) _________ is not a total institution. impression management. - Answer: Erving Goffman calls our presentation of self in ways that will lead others to view us in a favorable light Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of - Answer: four stages of development from birth to adulthood and a person's ability to understand and interpret the world Parkinson's Law. - Answer: "Work expands to fill the time available for its completion." This statement is known as Self-esteem includes our - Answer: perception of how others appraise us. comparison of our performance, ability, or other characteristics to those of others. belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame. conditioning - Answer: Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process. The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization - Answer: are functionalism and conflict theory; both view socialization as having important consequences for society as a whole the issue of personal interests versus collective welfare. - Answer: Garrett J. Hardin's social dilemma called the tragedy of the commons illustrates According to the text's discussion of cheating among college students, - Answer: some studies suggest that the percentage of students who cheat in college is at least 90 percent and may be as high as 99 percent formal sanctions. - Answer: Fines, expulsion from school, and imprisonment are examples of whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it - Answer: An important concept in the analysis of deviance is that alcholism, mental illness, prostitution - Answer: Marxists regard ________ as a product of the moral degeneration and estrangement fostered by the oppression and exploitation of the poor, women, and African Americans or other minorities? 50 - Answer: Nearly _____ percent of adults in the United States have used illegal drugs or used prescription drugs without a physician's prescription in their lifetime. we are culture bound. - Answer: Many nonconformist patterns do not occur to us because goals and means. - Answer: According to Merton, anomie represents society's struggle between its crimes of ultimatum - Answer: Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of crime outlined by Richard Quinney? stronger when the economy is the dominant institution in the society. - Answer: Studies by Messner and Rosenfeld suggest the strain toward deviance, particularly crime, is offenders themselves. - Answer: In the case of victimless crime, if there is any suffering, it is by the Regarding murder, - Answer: a majority of the victims knew their assailants. ridicule and ostracism from a group of former friends. - Answer: Examples of informal sanctions are drug abuse violations. - Answer: In 2001, the largest category of all arrests was internalization - Answer: When individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society, the process is called social control processes. - Answer: Internalization, the structuring of our world experiences, and formal/informal sanctions are types of reputational - Answer: The ______________ approach to measuring social class focuses on the knowledge of who associates with whom and tends to be limited to small communities. people who slip into poverty do so for a limited time after such major adverse events as divorce or illness. - Answer: The "situational" view of poverty argues that movement to a higher or lower social status. - Answer: Vertical mobility is produce levels of aggregate income that are fairly similar, percentage-wise, to each other - Answer: Highly egalitarian societies should $19,157 - Answer: In 2004, the poverty threshold for a family of four was wealth. - Answer: When we speak about the "things" that people own, we are referring to their 12.7 - Answer: In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent. radical - Answer: he __________ thesis views social inequality as an exploitative mechanism arising out of a struggle for valued goods and services in short supply. Gerhard Lenski - Answer: Harold R. Kerbo tried to synthesize the functionalist and conflict perspectives. His analysis is based on the work of Sociologically, power - Answer: is the ability to force people to do something, even if they don't want to do it and affects the ability to make the world work on their behalf 33.3 - Answer: The 2004 Federal Reserve Board Survey of Consumer Finances shows that the wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. households own __________ percent of all private wealth. objective - Answer: The ____________ method of identifying social class views social class as a statistical category. income - Answer: The amount of money people receive from jobs is referred to as intragenerational - Answer: Comparison of an individual's social status over time is known as ________________ mobility. Surplus value - Answer: __________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the subsistence level of their wages). Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the - Answer: inadequacy of our biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social interaction. Sociologists use the term bureaucracy to refer to - Answer: a social structure that is a complex system of statuses, roles, rules, and authority. The experiment - Answer: research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or reject a hypothesis. Master statuses. - Answer: ________ play a major role in determining what we will become and who we will be. Societies - Answer: __________ represent(s) the most comprehensive and complex type of social structure in today's world. social change and availability of talent. - Answer: Social mobility occurs because of aggregate - Answer: A(n) __________ is a collection of anonymous individuals who are in one place at the same time. cultural integration. - Answer: Among the Trobriand Islanders, the methods for constructing calendars link to other elements of culture, and this illustrates white-collar crime and corporate crime - Answer: A violation of a social relationship of trust lies at the heart of much Surplus value - Answer: __________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the subsistence level of their wages). stronger when the economy is the dominant institution in the society. - Answer: Studies by Messner and Rosenfeld suggest the strain toward deviance, particularly crime, is constructed - Answer: Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality In Piaget's theory, the formal operations stage - Answer: marked by a deeper, more complex way of viewing the world, including the ability to critically evaluate others' points of view occupy; play - Answer: We ___________ a status and ____________ a role. ethnocentrism - Answer: The often unavoidable process of judging the behavior of others by our standards and tending to see "them" as inferior to "us" is called childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability and that once a child enters puberty, such problems cannot be overcome - Answer: The problems experienced by Genie, the social isolate, are believed to demonstrate I - Answer: According to George H. Mead, when we respond to how we think others perceive us as a subject, the __________ component of the self is being illustrated. the issue of personal interests versus collective welfare. - Answer: Garrett J. Hardin's social dilemma called the tragedy of the commons illustrates instrumental tie - Answer: A group of people gathered together to construct a house is an example of an Karl Marx. - Answer: Such social policies that we take for granted in modern societies as the limited work day or factory safety rules can be traced to the ideas of deviance is relative and a matter of social definition. - Answer: The example of the Etoro of New Guinea shows that reputational - Answer: The ______________ approach to measuring social class focuses on the knowledge of who associates with whom and tends to be limited to small communities. The social loafing effect suggests that there is - Answer: an inverse relationship between group size and individual motivation. norms - Answer: Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations are called select a researchable problem - Answer: In general, the first step in the scientific method is to Critics of Merton's structural strain theory note that Merton - Answer: ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them and ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and mean critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism - Answer: Three theoretical frameworks that developed in contemporary sociology include 17.8 - Answer: In 2004, __________ percent of all American children were living in poverty. In-groups and out-groups function to provide us with a sense of - Answer: "we" and "they." social identity or self-concept. disgust or revulsion for others that may result in conflict. Fifty to sixty - Answer: ________ percent of the elderly function without any limitation. we are culture bound. - Answer: Many nonconformist patterns do not occur to us because a subjective definition of reality - Answer: The looking-glass self involves conflict - Answer: The __________ theory of social equality holds that stratification exists because it benefits individuals and groups who have the power to dominate and exploit others. Although the abstract definition of bureaucracy may appear irrelevant to the daily lives of most people, - Answer: it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted and most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described According to symbolic interactionists, the most important agents of socialization are - Answer: dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior working - Answer: In Yankee City and Old City, W. Lloyd Warner identified six classes. Which of the following is NOT one of these? Durkheim found that - Answer: individuals enmeshed in a web of social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are weakly integrated into group life. groupthink. - Answer: A decision-making process in which group members become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus that their ability to think critically is impaired is called hypothesis. - Answer: A predictive statement or question regarding a possible relationship between variables is called a(n) redefined upward - Answer: Smoking, child abuse, and family violence are all examples of behavior that have been History shows that - Answer: passing anti-discrimination laws does not immediately translate into equal treatment for all. prejudice - Answer: Attitudes of aversion and hostility toward a minority group are termed gender identity - Answer: Our __________________ emerge(s) as we enact gender roles and as others react to those roles as being either male or female In a number of modern societies, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. political change has reduced the legal basis of patriarchy. patriarchal elements persist. women and children still take the last name of the husband and father. Australia, Swaziland, and the United States - Answer: The three industrialized nations that do not provide paid maternity leave by law are According to the text, - Answer: differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity. Native American Indians - Answer: _____________________ have been identified as the most severely disadvantaged group of any population within the United States. tend to marry within their group - Answer: When sociologists observe that minorities are typically endogamous, they assert that minorities 28 - Answer: In an analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005, ____ percent of the speaking character roles are female. Asian Americans - Answer: According to the text, _________________ are often referred to as the "model minority" in the United States. ethnic groups - Answer: Groups defined in terms of such characteristics as language, folk practices, dress, gestures, religion, or mannerisms are called 66 - Answer: In the United States, __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force. social equality, including jobs and education. - Answer: The "second wave" of women's movements, shows that the primary focus has been on ___________ since the 1960s. Asian Americans - Answer: Of the ethnic groups in the United States, __________ have the highest median family income. Regarding rape, sociologists - Answer: turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure. married people enjoy better health than nonmarried - Answer: Research findings consistently indicate that sexual property - Answer: According to sociologist Randall Collins, marriage is a socially enforced contract of In studies of the long-term effects on children while being raised in single-parent households, results show that - Answer: All of the choices are correct. juvenile delinquency is twice as likely to occur. parental supervision needs are often strained by poverty. the kids are more likely to be enrolled below a school grade level that is normal for their chronological age. Studies indicate that while stepparents attempt to re-create a traditional family, they actually function differently than a traditional family because - Answer: All of the choices are correct. the stepparent role is not like that of a biological parent. the family tree of a stepfamily is often very complex. stepparents and stepchildren have not had a mutual history or previous opportunity to bond. cohabitation may become institutionalized as a new step between dating and marriage. - Answer: The high proportion of couples who live together prior to becoming married suggests that stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1950s as a point of departure. - Answer: Much of the current debate about the health of the American family is based upon questionable data that utilize When women work full-time outside the home, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. they bring home more than twice the share of family income than part-timers do. they still maintain the primary responsibility for household tasks and childcare. they are more likely than fathers to take time off if their children become ill. Unwed motherhood is - Answer: All of the choices are correct. increasing. more likely to occur among women in the lower class. has been increasing at a higher rate among the employed, whites, and those with a college education. orientation - Answer: The family of __________ consists of oneself and one's father, mother, and siblings. 903,000 - Answer: In 2001, there were __________ confirmed cases of child maltreatment. The alternative "essentialist" view argues that homosexual orientation is - Answer: either inborn or is fixed very early in one's development and is an inherent part of what an individual is. functionalist - Answer: Which theoretical perspective focuses on the essential tasks performed by families? 40 - Answer: __________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents. the matching hypothesis - Answer: The ___________ argues that we get the greatest payoff at the least cost by choosing a mate who is very much like ourselves. tripled - Answer: In the past three decades, the number of divorced people per 1,000 married people has diminished the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state - Answer: The collapse of communism in much of the world Multinational corporations - Answer: no longer need a geographical center. 2.1 - Answer: The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is internal migration. - Answer: The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to force - Answer: The state's ultimate basis rests on growth rate. - Answer: The difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1,000 population is known as the more than doubled - Answer: Between 1970 and 1990 the number of Americans living in poverty increased by 50 percent, but the number of poor neighborhoods has Political parties - Answer: are after control of the government as an end ecology - Answer: The discipline that studies the interrelationships between the living and nonliving organisms and their environment is According to demographer Richard Easterlin, - Answer: small generations typically produce large generations, and large generations typically produce smaller ones and smaller birth cohorts may experience less competition for jobs when they enter the work force traditional - Answer: In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs. provides people with rules. - Answer: Whereas Marx emphasized freedom from social constraint as the source of human happiness, Durkheim stressed that human happiness depends on a society that 65 to 77 - Answer: Surveys reveal that __________ percent of Americans say they would continue to work even if they could get enough money to live comfortably for the rest of their lives. societalist perspective - Answer: Giving advantages in housing, taxes, scholarships, and recreation to single as opposed to married people illustrates __________ of population reduction? better off economically - Answer: Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks, so migrants are usually Lowering government involvement in containing health care costs - Answer: _________ is NOT a new arrangement for financing health care in America? According to conflict theory, religion - Answer: All of the choices are correct. is a weapon of the ruling classes. is a powerful force in maintaining the status quo. as justified inequalities such as slavery. Moderate achievement expectations of students - Answer: __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutter's study. The "competence gap" refers to - Answer: the physician's assumption of authority and the client's trust, confidence, and compliance. hardline ones that "compete" for souls. - Answer: According to studies by Finke and Stark, religions that gain members tend to credentialism - Answer: The requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake, rather than having one because it certifies skills needed for a job, is known as 31 cents - Answer: A 2003 study showed that __________ of each dollar spent on health care in the United States pays for administrative costs. Thirty-one - Answer: __________ percent of U.S. adults meet the medical definition of obesity. Religion - Answer: ______________ has to do with those socially shared ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that have as their focus the realm of the supernatural or "beyond." The secularization thesis proposes that - Answer: the profane is gaining ascendancy over the sacred in the course of human development. Credentialism implies that education - Answer: functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills and functions as a means of class inheritance big, for-profit businesses. - Answer: Since the 1960s, hospitals have come to be The classical rules of the marketplace have finally been applied to the health industry. - Answer: Which of the following is not a factor causing the increase in cost for health care? profane. - Answer: According to Durkheim, those things that have to do with the mundane, everyday, and commonplace are the suppress, ignore, or coopt them. - Answer: According to the text, the primary response of a church to other competing religious groups is to The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. - Answer: Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions? generalized belief. - Answer: In the context of collective behavior, the sense that something is wrong and needs to be remedied is defined as According to English historian Arnold J. Toynbee, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. civilizations grow and decline in a uniform manner. civilizations arise in response to some challenge such as warlike neighbors. a civilization will grow and flourish when a challenge it faces is not so severe as to make an adequate response impossible. The German scholar and cyclical theorist Oswald Spengler - Answer: believed that culture passes through stages from development, to maturity, to decline, to death. resistance movements - Answer: A social movement such as the Ku Klux Klan would be an example of The text suggests that a major factor in social movements and upheavals is - Answer: a feeling that there is a gap between what one has and what one expects and feels to be one's right. Collective behaviors - Answer: ___________________ represent ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large number of people and that are relatively spontaneous. computers. - Answer: According to the text, a current revolutionary source of social change is conventional crowd. - Answer: People attending a basketball game or a symphony performance would constitute a(n) suggestibility, deindividualization, and invulnerability. - Answer: Crowds tend to share the characteristics of Changes in the workplace - Answer: __________ is NOT a factor identified in the text as a critical source of social change? information epidemic. - Answer: When the SARS epidemic spread from China to other countries in 2003, a panic affected the lives of millions of people. This was referred to as a(n) the exponential principle. - Answer: The discovery of glass gave birth to lenses, costume jewelry, windowpanes, and test tubes. Such developments reflect Innovation - Answer: ______________ involves the combination of existing elements in a culture plus new elements. cultivation - Answer: Some communication experts argue that fictional media presentations provide images that influence attitudes and behavior about such policies as crime, violence, and welfare. This phenomenon is referred to as a(n) __________ effect.