NR 283 Exam 2 – Chamberlain Latest Update Graded A+

NR 283 Exam 2 – Chamberlain Latest Update Graded A+ Tachycardia heart rate faster than 100 bpm Bradycardia heart rate slower than 60 bpm preload amount of blood in ventricles at end of diastole Afterload resistance against which left ventricle pumps blood out Systole heart contraction, increasing pressure to eject blood Diastole heart relaxation, needed for chamber filling When does preload increase? hypervolemia, valve regurgitation, heart failure When does afterload increase? hypertension, vasoconstriction What increases with increased afterload? cardiac workload What is cardiac output? volume of blood ejected by heart per minute: cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume What is stroke volume? volume of blood pumped from ventricle during contraction The heart sound "lubb" is due to __________. closure of AV valves The heart sound "dub" is due to __________. closure of semilunar valves Pulse rate heart rate between 60-100 bpm What do vasodilators do? dilate blood vessels to improve blood flow e.g., nitroglycerin What do beta blockers do? lower heart rate and blood pressure used for hypertension and arrhythmias reduce angina episodes arteriosclerosis hardening of blood vessels Atherosclerosis plaque buildup in coronary arteries causing clots, often leading to heart attack Diuretics increase urine production to remove sodium/water used for hypertension and heart failure anticoagulant prevents blood clot formation low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol to cells major factor in plaque formation High-density lipoprotein (HDL) transports cholesterol from cells to liver "good" cholesterol, catabolized in liver