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HTHS 1111 Midterm Exam Questions and Answers 2024 Graded A

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Afferent - Signal to the brain, input Efferent - motor, output sensory receptors - receptors of the nervous system Control center of CNS - Brain Effectors of nervous system - muscles and glands transduction - How sensory information is received What is the CNS composed of? - brain...

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HTHS 1111 Midterm Exam Questions and
Answers 2024 Graded A

Afferent - Signal to the brain, input

Efferent - motor, output

sensory receptors - receptors of the nervous system

Control center of CNS - Brain

Effectors of nervous system - muscles and glands

transduction - How sensory information is received

What is the CNS composed of? - brain and spinal cord

What is the PNS composed of? - cranial nerves III-XII, Spinal nerves, ganglia,
enteric plexuses, sensory receptors

ganglion - collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Nucleus - collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Plexuses - network of neurons that wall the digestive organs

Where do neurons gather information? - dendrites

If information must travel a long distance the axon is... - myelinated

Uni polar neurons do not.. - process signals

Purkinje cells have large - dendritic trees

pyramidial cells have small - dendritic trees

Nerves - bundles of axons traveling together in the PNS

,Tract - Bundles of axons traveling together in the CNS

Sodium concentration - Inside: 10
Outside:140

Potassium concentration - Inside: 140
Outside:4

chloride concentration - Inside: 20
Outside: 103

Calcium concentration - Inside: 0
Outside: 5

Concentration forces - either from areas of high concentration to low, or low to
high. depends of gradient

Electrical forces - opposites attract

Stimulus - at beginning

threshold - the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Depolarization - The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing
into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.

repolarizing phase - Decrease in Na+ permeability and an increase in K+
permeability

hyperpolarizing - overshoot, K+ channels are open, Na channels are in resting state

-70 - resting potential

-55 - threshold

sodium-potassium pump - 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

absolute refactory - cannot fire new action potential

, Relative Refactory Phase - At or below resting potential, new action can begin

presynaptic cell - The cell sending information

postsynaptic cell - The cell receiving the information

synaptic vesicles - Membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized
neurotransmitters are kept.

transmitter receptors - receive neurotransmitters from axon terminals

Reuptake pumps - remove transmitter from the synaptic cleft and re-use it

inactivating enzyme - can terminate action of transmitter so that it does not stay in
the cleft and continually re-bind the receptor

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - K+ leaves cell, making it more negative

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) - post synaptic cells charge becomes more
positive with Na+

mechanically gated channels - open and close in response to physical touch of
receptors

voltage gated channels - open and close in response to changes in membrane
potential

Action potential vs graded potential - Action potentials have a shorter range, and
are all or nothing.

Norepinephrine target and location - Blood pressure, Autonomic NS

Epinephrine target and location - Fight-or-flight response, Adrenal medulla

Dopamine target and location - smoothing movement, substantia nigra

Serotonin target and location - regulating mood, raphe nuclei

cervical vertebrae - C1-C7

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