AMR Test 2 Questions and Answers 100% Accurate
Clinical Resistance: - ANSWER-multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): - ANSWER-a minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth
T/F The infection is susceptible to treatment if the antibiotic MIC falls within a concentration that is non-
toxic to humans - ANSWER-T
The infection is susceptible to treatment if the antibiotic MIC falls within a concentration that is non-
toxic to humans - ANSWER-T
Would we ever prescribe an antibiotic at a toxic level to a patient? - ANSWER-Yes, Administration of toxic
concentration of drugs into patients are made on individual basis and the benefits of the treatment must
outweigh the risk
Clinical ecosystem selective pressure - ANSWER-High
Non-Clinical ecosystem selective pressure - ANSWER-Medium
Environmental ecosystem - ANSWER-low resistance "the resistome"
* Early indication of antibiotic resistance - ANSWER-Pcn became commercially available in 1942. Chain and abraham published they saw a bacterial enzyme capable of resistance How can bacteria acquire Resistance? - ANSWER--genetic mutations
-acquisition of mobile elements carrying antibiotic resistant genes
-poses highest risk
Intrinsic Resistace - ANSWER-Natural-occurring resistance to antibiotics
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria makes them more resistant to more antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that naturally produce antibiotics have an intrinsic ability to defend themselves
Criterion 1 (C1): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is the sole, or one of limited available therapies, to treat serious bacterial infections in people
Criterion 2 (C2): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people caused by either: (1) bacteria that may be transmitted to humans from nonhuman sources, or (2) bacteria that may acquire resistance genes from nonhuman sources
Critically important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes which meet both C1 and C2 are termed critically important for human medicine.
Highly important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes which meet either C1 or C2 are termed highly important for human medicine.
Important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes used in humans which meet neither C1 nor C2 are termed important for human medicine.
Prioritization criterion 1 (P1): - ANSWER-High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in patients with serious infections in health care settings affected by bacterial diseases for which the antimicrobial class is the sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infections in humans. Prioritization criterion 2 (P2): - ANSWER-High frequency of use of the antimicrobial class for any indication in human medicine, or else high proportion of use in patients with serious infections in health care settings, since use may favor selection of resistance in both settings.
Which classes of membrane efflux pumps are powered by the sodium gradient? - ANSWER-Multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)
Which classes of membrane efflux pumps are powered by the proton gradient (H+)? - ANSWER-Major facilitator class (MFC)
Prioritization criterion 3 (P3): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people for which there is evidence of transmission of resistant bacteria (e.g., non-typhoidal Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.) or resistance genes (high for E. coli and Enterococcus spp.) from nonhuman sources.
Highest priority: - ANSWER-Three out of three Prioritization Criteria (P1, P2, P3)
High priority: - ANSWER-Two out of three Prioritization Criteria
* Examples of Highest Priority Critically Important antimicrobials - ANSWER-Cephalosporins (3rd, 4th, and 5th generation), Glycopeptides, Marolides/Ketolides, Polymixins, and Quinolones
Antibiotic inactivation: - ANSWER-enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance
Nucleotidylation: - ANSWER-additional of nucleotides
Phosphorylation: - ANSWER-phosphate group addition
Glycosylation: - ANSWER-attachment of a carbohydrate
Acylation: - ANSWER-addition of the acyl (RCO-) group
Hydroxylation: - ANSWER-addition of hydroxy (-OH) group
Clinical Resistance: - ANSWER-multiple factors such as type of bacteria, infection site, antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and the immune response affecting clinical outcomes of antibiotic treatment
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): - ANSWER-a minimum concentration of an antibiotic required to completely inhibit bacterial growth
T/F The infection is susceptible to treatment if the antibiotic MIC falls within a concentration that is non-
toxic to humans - ANSWER-T
The infection is susceptible to treatment if the antibiotic MIC falls within a concentration that is non-
toxic to humans - ANSWER-T
Would we ever prescribe an antibiotic at a toxic level to a patient? - ANSWER-Yes, Administration of toxic
concentration of drugs into patients are made on individual basis and the benefits of the treatment must
outweigh the risk
Clinical ecosystem selective pressure - ANSWER-High
Non-Clinical ecosystem selective pressure - ANSWER-Medium
Environmental ecosystem - ANSWER-low resistance "the resistome"
* Early indication of antibiotic resistance - ANSWER-Pcn became commercially available in 1942. Chain and abraham published they saw a bacterial enzyme capable of resistance How can bacteria acquire Resistance? - ANSWER--genetic mutations
-acquisition of mobile elements carrying antibiotic resistant genes
-poses highest risk
Intrinsic Resistace - ANSWER-Natural-occurring resistance to antibiotics
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria makes them more resistant to more antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that naturally produce antibiotics have an intrinsic ability to defend themselves
Criterion 1 (C1): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is the sole, or one of limited available therapies, to treat serious bacterial infections in people
Criterion 2 (C2): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people caused by either: (1) bacteria that may be transmitted to humans from nonhuman sources, or (2) bacteria that may acquire resistance genes from nonhuman sources
Critically important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes which meet both C1 and C2 are termed critically important for human medicine.
Highly important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes which meet either C1 or C2 are termed highly important for human medicine.
Important: - ANSWER-Antimicrobial classes used in humans which meet neither C1 nor C2 are termed important for human medicine.
Prioritization criterion 1 (P1): - ANSWER-High absolute number of people, or high proportion of use in patients with serious infections in health care settings affected by bacterial diseases for which the antimicrobial class is the sole or one of few alternatives to treat serious infections in humans. Prioritization criterion 2 (P2): - ANSWER-High frequency of use of the antimicrobial class for any indication in human medicine, or else high proportion of use in patients with serious infections in health care settings, since use may favor selection of resistance in both settings.
Which classes of membrane efflux pumps are powered by the sodium gradient? - ANSWER-Multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)
Which classes of membrane efflux pumps are powered by the proton gradient (H+)? - ANSWER-Major facilitator class (MFC)
Prioritization criterion 3 (P3): - ANSWER-The antimicrobial class is used to treat infections in people for which there is evidence of transmission of resistant bacteria (e.g., non-typhoidal Salmonella and Campylobacter spp.) or resistance genes (high for E. coli and Enterococcus spp.) from nonhuman sources.
Highest priority: - ANSWER-Three out of three Prioritization Criteria (P1, P2, P3)
High priority: - ANSWER-Two out of three Prioritization Criteria
* Examples of Highest Priority Critically Important antimicrobials - ANSWER-Cephalosporins (3rd, 4th, and 5th generation), Glycopeptides, Marolides/Ketolides, Polymixins, and Quinolones
Antibiotic inactivation: - ANSWER-enzymatic inactivation of antibiotic to confer drug resistance
Nucleotidylation: - ANSWER-additional of nucleotides
Phosphorylation: - ANSWER-phosphate group addition
Glycosylation: - ANSWER-attachment of a carbohydrate
Acylation: - ANSWER-addition of the acyl (RCO-) group
Hydroxylation: - ANSWER-addition of hydroxy (-OH) group
