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Hunter College -BIOL 100 Sheppard Lahiji: Chapter 2 : Chemical context of life

Name: Hunter College -BIOL 100 Sheppard Lahiji: Chapter 2 : Chemical context of life
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Vak
Biol 100 (BIOL100)

Instelling
Hunter College - Cuny

Boek
Campbell Biology

Comprehensive and detailed notes covering Chapter 2 of Biol 100 at Hunter College. Perfect for students seeking a deeper understanding of the material. Based on Professor Sheppard's slides - Everything said in her voice recordings is written in my notes !

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Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Samantha sheppard-lahiji
Bevat Alle colleges

hunter college
biology 100
voice recording notes
professor samantha sheppard lahiji
chapter 2 the chemical context of life

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Lab 1: Microscopy and the cell

Progotic
cells Eukaryotic
-
cells
-
no nucleus -yes nucleus >
-

Surrounded
by a double-membrane

membrane-band called the nuclear envelope
no
organelles
-
.

Consists of DNA than
-
a
cytoplasm surrounded by a Contain more
prokaryotes
cell membrane Divide
.
-

by a process called mitosis
mitochondria and are involved in metabolism
Have cell wall chloroplasts
-

a
energy
-

includes ribosomes
>
-
-

Capsule > provides protection
-
-

Endoplasmic reticulum -
> protein synthesis

Flagella provide Golgi apparatus > processes proteins for export fromthe cell
-

- -
> motion. -

Examples : Simplest
group of
eukaryotes
-
4 of
, pseudo bacteria ,
archaea bacteria
groups Eukayotes Protists Fungi plants and animals
-
:
, , ,

Cyano bacteria, bacteria .

Protozoa: most at unicellular ,
motile , &d heterotophic .

I
>
-

They lack sell walls. Example : amoeba
, paramecium .

:

I
Mucella autotrophicorganis
is

Endosymbiosis : States that the
ancestors of mitochondria ·
Chloroplasts - >
Carry out photosynthesis
& chloroplasts were once
free-living organisms.
· cell wall >
-

provides strength
Central vacuole > stores
·

Large -
nutrients
& water .

·
Lack Centricles
-

-

Animal
Cells :

differ from plant cells in that :

· E Chloroplasts , well walls, and vacuoles

Contains
· centriole , a nucleus , mitochondria
,

Autotrophic : produce their own nutrients by photosynthesis or
chemosynthesis .
golgi apparatus ,
ER .

Heterotrophic :
Obtaining their energy from performed organic molecules

Saprophytic :
They live and feed on dead
organic
material ,
thereby degrading
it .

, Lab 2 : Properties of
Biological membranes : Osmosis/Diffusion

All cells , both
prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic are
by a cell membrane. Called
surrounded the plasma membrane
·

·

Biological membrance are composed of : lipids carbohydrates & proteins
, ,
.

X
Phospholipids : -

phospholipids form a
bilage that provide a barrier and backbone

for the membrane which prevents many substances from entering the cell.

Proteins inserted into the phospholipid of the functions of membranes
·

bilayer cary out many

Functions of membranes

1) Barrier : - cell membrane functions as a barrier between the cell & the environment .

The lipid
bilayer blocks
entry into the cell of most substances
except water glycerol and small
-

, ,

lipid-soluble molecules·
2) from the side of the membrane where found
Transport : -
Molecules more
they are in
higher concentration to the side
of the membrane where
they are found in lower concentration - This diffusion of substances does

-
Osmosis : The diffusion of water across a
selectively not require energy so it's a passive

permeable membrane
. process.
substances like ions and molecules that cannot move
polar directly across the phospholipid bilayer
-

of cells with the help of membrane proteins inserted If substances
more in and out in the bilayer
.

more
through a protein channel or carrier down their concentration gradients (high > low) no .
energy required
-

,

↳ This is called facilitated diffusion

membrane proteins may also be involved in
moving
substances
against their concentration gradient
-

(low +high) - called active transport

3) processes (such as respiration and photosynthesis) consist of
Organization Biological
:
many steps
.

a framework carried out
Membranes provide for
organizing enzymes and electron carriers so that these processes are

in an efficient manner.

,4) Communication :
-

Communication is important so that different cells can coordinate their activities.

Hormones are molecules
synthesized by plants and animals in
responseto a stimulus.

↳ bind to receptors ,
and when that happens they activate chemical reactions in the cell .

Cell surfaces also contain receptors for :

Growth Factors :
regulate cell growth
Mitogens regulate
: cell division

5) Recognition the surfaces of the cell allows them to
recognize other cells
: molecules on

of the same
type .

also allow the to
distinguish between its own cells and those "foreign" to .
-

it
organism

Diffusion
-

important because it's when water, glyce ,
and small lipid-soluble molecules

enter the cell.

of molecules from
movent
ihe concentration >
-
-

, ~
Chapter C : The Chemical context of life

Underlying Principles
1) Life takes
place based on chemical and physical principles
> most abundant blc of
-

water
2) Form determines function
many
of the molecules 5

/
within our bodies are
3) transform
Living systems energy and matter
organic molecules which
carbon
means they are
4) information.
Living systems depend on
containing
,

High
abundance
An element's the structure of for proteins
properties depend on
it's atoms
can't explicity state the location but we
* ,

know it's in this area .

· An atom is the smallest unit
of matter
↓
.

↳ composed of subatomic particles :

-

protons , neutrons electrons
,

atom has I electron for each poton
·
Typically ,
an .

(yields an
electrically neutral atim)

↳
measured in Daltons

Isotopes
-

elements that exist in multiple forms ; differ in # of neutrons
Radiometric
· .

Dating
Similar chemical but different
properties they can have
Some radioisotopes &
·

, · are more unstable than others
Physical properties
with
higher unstability > faster -
rate of decay.
Some isotopes may be
very unstable , and that behavior "parent" decays into its
·

can · A isotope daughter isotope at
of time
of amount
affect how it behaves over a period time.
a fixed rate , expressed as the half-life .
- It takes for
12 of atom to
C-14 8 neutrons , often used for carbon decay -

Unstable radioisotopes give off energy in the form of contains
· ·

,

radiation.
dating .

Radioactive Tracers · Radiometric dating : Scientists measure the different types of
-

shows us a Clinical application isotopes and then calculate how half-lives have
many
·

for a radioisotope .

·

Depicting elevated levels of a
passed since the fossil or rock was .
formed
radioactively labeled glucose
.(sugar)
->
utilized in our body
&
for metabolism
.

Can utilize radioactive
· tracers with
Sophisticated instruments like here
,.

Radiation mutations,
· can
damage living cells , can
generate
and at high enough dosages it can lead to cell death
.

, the Potential
< highertheenert any
,

levels of electrons
Energy
· Orbitals have an impact on the geometry
of an atom
.

the
·

Energy is
capacity to cause change
it's
·
Potential Energy :
Energy that matter has based on

location and structure.

·
Chemical behavior of an atom is determined
by the distribution of

electrons within their electron shells.

We care
· about the valence electrons >elections found in the outer
-

behavior most shell
Chemical -
furthest from nucleus
determined by away
-

v E
highest energy level.
.
.
-

Elements that have a complete valence shell are
chemically inert
.
·

·

Anything else will want to complete their
↑(8e in last Shell)

last shell iner tote To
be

meansve
.

·
Atoms with valence electors can share/transfer electors wh

other atoms

· These attractions >
-

Chemical bonds

·
The formation and function of molecules depend on Chemical

bonding between atoms
.

Octet rule : process of
IP
1E 1E reaching
10
,

completion of
,
valence shell .
↓

stronger than
- single bond .

-
needs more
energy to
break

E

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