Health Sciences 3300 Exam 2 Questions with Correct
Answers
Leading ACTUAL causes of death
(tobacco, inactivity, alcohol, motor vehicles, etc) Correct Answer ✓✓
***Account for almost half of all deaths
Most are preventable
Most are premature
***Most are caused by individual behavior
Targets for public health intervention
Tobacco Correct Answer ✓✓ Public Health enemy #1
Accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths
Of the 480,00 deaths attributed to smoking, 35,000 were caused by
second hand smoke
Poor diet and physical inactivity Correct Answer ✓✓ Leads to obesity,
heart disease/stroke, diabetes, cancer
Obesity - deaths have increased 22% since 1990
Misuse of Alcohol Correct Answer ✓✓ Motor vehicle fatalities (35-
40% involve alcohol)
Public Health Interventions
,Education Correct Answer ✓✓ Provide info --> smoking is bad,
recommended dietary allowances
Health education in schools --> Sex education is controversial
Physicians' recommendations can be effective
Public Health Interventions
Regulation Correct Answer ✓✓ Laws against murder and assault
Traffic regulations
Restrictions on alcohol, drugs, & tobacco
Age restrictions on many behaviors
Sexual behavior is hard to regulate
Public Health Interventions
Prohibition Correct Answer ✓✓ 18th Amendment --> Prohibited
alcohol in 1919. Repealed 14 years later by 21st Amendment.
- Eighteenth Amendment was effective in reducing diseases caused by
alcohol. However, organized crime flourished.
- Prohibition against drugs such as heroin, marijuana, and cocaine is
generally accepted
-However, "the war on drugs" may not be working. It is expensive,
empowers criminals at home and terrorists abroad, and sends thousands
of people to prison for minor offenses.
Behavior & the Social Environment Correct Answer ✓✓ Most
important predictor of health is socioeconomic status
,Health gradient holds at all levels of the social scale
Health also affected by gender, marital status, race & ethnicity
In U.S., racial & ethnic minorities have poorer health than whites
Health disparities are a big concern of public health
Why the effect of SES? Correct Answer ✓✓ Nutrition
Sanitation
Conditions of the physical environment
Higher SES leads to more healthy behavior
Access to medical care
Psychological and Sociologic Models used to explain Behavior &
Behavior Change
---> Transtheoretical Model of Change Correct Answer ✓✓ model of
health behavior that envisions change as progressing through a series of
stages:
---> pre contemplation: is the stage in which people are not intending to
make a change in the foreseeable future (6months). People may be in
this stage because they are uninformed or under-informed about the
consequences of their behavior. Or they may have tried to change a
number of times and become demoralized about their ability to change.
---> contemplation: is the stage in which people are intending to change
in the next 6 months. They are more aware of the pros of changing but
are also acutely aware of the cons. This balance between the costs and
benefits of changing can produce profound ambivalence that can keep
people stuck in this stage for long periods of time.
, ^^^ Both groups tend to avoid reading, talking or thinking about their
high risk behaviors. They are often characterized in other theories as
resistant or unmotivated or as not ready for health promotion programs.
---> preparation: is the stage in which people are intending to take action
in the immediate future. These individuals have a plan of action, such as
joining a health education class, consulting a counselor, talking to their
physician, buying a self-help book or relying on a self-change approach.
These are the people that should be recruited for action- oriented
smoking cessation, weight loss, or exercise programs.
---> Action: is the stage in which people have made specific overt
modifications in their life-styles within the past 6 months. This is the end
all be all of many behavioral modification programs.
---> Maintenance: is the stage in which people are working to prevent
relapse but they are not changing their behaviors as frequently as do
people in action. They are less tempted to relapse & increasingly more
confident that they can continue
Psychological and Sociologic Models used to explain Behavior &
Behavior Change
----> Health Belief Model (HBM) Correct Answer ✓✓ The health belief
model suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, perceived
benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain
engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A
stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to trigger the
health-promoting behavior.
am vulnerable to the threat
Answers
Leading ACTUAL causes of death
(tobacco, inactivity, alcohol, motor vehicles, etc) Correct Answer ✓✓
***Account for almost half of all deaths
Most are preventable
Most are premature
***Most are caused by individual behavior
Targets for public health intervention
Tobacco Correct Answer ✓✓ Public Health enemy #1
Accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths
Of the 480,00 deaths attributed to smoking, 35,000 were caused by
second hand smoke
Poor diet and physical inactivity Correct Answer ✓✓ Leads to obesity,
heart disease/stroke, diabetes, cancer
Obesity - deaths have increased 22% since 1990
Misuse of Alcohol Correct Answer ✓✓ Motor vehicle fatalities (35-
40% involve alcohol)
Public Health Interventions
,Education Correct Answer ✓✓ Provide info --> smoking is bad,
recommended dietary allowances
Health education in schools --> Sex education is controversial
Physicians' recommendations can be effective
Public Health Interventions
Regulation Correct Answer ✓✓ Laws against murder and assault
Traffic regulations
Restrictions on alcohol, drugs, & tobacco
Age restrictions on many behaviors
Sexual behavior is hard to regulate
Public Health Interventions
Prohibition Correct Answer ✓✓ 18th Amendment --> Prohibited
alcohol in 1919. Repealed 14 years later by 21st Amendment.
- Eighteenth Amendment was effective in reducing diseases caused by
alcohol. However, organized crime flourished.
- Prohibition against drugs such as heroin, marijuana, and cocaine is
generally accepted
-However, "the war on drugs" may not be working. It is expensive,
empowers criminals at home and terrorists abroad, and sends thousands
of people to prison for minor offenses.
Behavior & the Social Environment Correct Answer ✓✓ Most
important predictor of health is socioeconomic status
,Health gradient holds at all levels of the social scale
Health also affected by gender, marital status, race & ethnicity
In U.S., racial & ethnic minorities have poorer health than whites
Health disparities are a big concern of public health
Why the effect of SES? Correct Answer ✓✓ Nutrition
Sanitation
Conditions of the physical environment
Higher SES leads to more healthy behavior
Access to medical care
Psychological and Sociologic Models used to explain Behavior &
Behavior Change
---> Transtheoretical Model of Change Correct Answer ✓✓ model of
health behavior that envisions change as progressing through a series of
stages:
---> pre contemplation: is the stage in which people are not intending to
make a change in the foreseeable future (6months). People may be in
this stage because they are uninformed or under-informed about the
consequences of their behavior. Or they may have tried to change a
number of times and become demoralized about their ability to change.
---> contemplation: is the stage in which people are intending to change
in the next 6 months. They are more aware of the pros of changing but
are also acutely aware of the cons. This balance between the costs and
benefits of changing can produce profound ambivalence that can keep
people stuck in this stage for long periods of time.
, ^^^ Both groups tend to avoid reading, talking or thinking about their
high risk behaviors. They are often characterized in other theories as
resistant or unmotivated or as not ready for health promotion programs.
---> preparation: is the stage in which people are intending to take action
in the immediate future. These individuals have a plan of action, such as
joining a health education class, consulting a counselor, talking to their
physician, buying a self-help book or relying on a self-change approach.
These are the people that should be recruited for action- oriented
smoking cessation, weight loss, or exercise programs.
---> Action: is the stage in which people have made specific overt
modifications in their life-styles within the past 6 months. This is the end
all be all of many behavioral modification programs.
---> Maintenance: is the stage in which people are working to prevent
relapse but they are not changing their behaviors as frequently as do
people in action. They are less tempted to relapse & increasingly more
confident that they can continue
Psychological and Sociologic Models used to explain Behavior &
Behavior Change
----> Health Belief Model (HBM) Correct Answer ✓✓ The health belief
model suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, perceived
benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain
engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A
stimulus, or cue to action, must also be present in order to trigger the
health-promoting behavior.
am vulnerable to the threat
