Biology 121 Study Guide with Questions and 100% Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 121
Institution
BIO 121
7 characteristics of all living organisms 1.)Cellular organization 2.)Ordered complexity 3.)Sensitivity 4.)Growth, development, and reproduction 5.)Energy utilization 6.)Homeostasis 7.)Evolutionary adaptation
Cellular Level Atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells. Cell is the Basic unit of life.
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Biology 121 Study Guide with Questions
and 100% Correct Answers
7 characteristics of all living organisms ✅1.)Cellular organization
2.)Ordered complexity
3.)Sensitivity
4.)Growth, development, and reproduction
5.)Energy utilization
6.)Homeostasis
7.)Evolutionary adaptation
Cellular Level ✅Atoms, molecules, organelles, and cells. Cell is the Basic unit of life.
Organismal Level ✅Tissues, organs, and organ systems
Population Level ✅Community
Inductive Reasoning ✅Uses the specific observations to develop general conclusions
"Little" to "Big"
Deductive Reasoning ✅Uses general principles to make specific predictions.
"Big" to "Little"
Scientific Method ✅Scientist use a systematic approach to gain understanding of the
natural world. Observation, Hypothesis formation, Prediction, Experimentation,
Conclusion.
Scientific Theory ✅Is a body of interconnected concepts. Is supported by much
experimental evidence and scientific reasoning. Expresses ideas of which we are most
certain.
Cell Theory ✅All organisms composed of cells. Cells are lifes basic units. All cells
come from preexisting cells.
Atomic Structure ✅Atoms are composed of protons.
Atomic Number ✅Number of protons equals number of electrons. Atoms are usually
electrically neutral. Atomic Number= Number of Protons.
Element ✅Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by
ordinary chemical means.
, Atomic Mass ✅Mass, Weight. Sum of protons and neutrons is the atoms atomic mass.
Each proton and neutron has a mass of approximately 1 Dalton.
Isotopes ✅Atoms of a single element that possesses different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactive isotopes are unstable and emit radiation as the nucleus breaks up.
Half Life ✅Time it takes for one-half of the items in a sample to decay.
Electrons Role in Chemical Reaction ✅Negatively Charged particles located in
orbitals. Neutral atoms have the same number of electrons and protons. Ions are
charged particles. Unbalanced cation and anion.
Electron arrangement ✅key to chemical behavior of an atom lies in the number and
arrangement of its electrons in their orbitals. Modern physics defines orbital as area
around nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found. No orbital can contain
more than two electrons.
Bohr Model ✅Electrons in discrete orbits
Octet Rule ✅Atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels.
Ionic Bonds ✅Formed by the attraction of oppositely charged Ions. Gain or loss of
electrons forms ions. Electrical attraction of water molecules can disrupt forces holding
ions together.
4 Elements that make up most organic compound ✅Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and
Nitrogen. CHON
pH ✅The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution.
Buffers ✅Substance that resists changes in a pH. Act by releasing hydrogen ions
when a base is added. Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added. Overall effect of
keeping (H+) relatively constant. Most biological buffers consist of a pair of molecules
one an acid and one a base.
Dehydration Synthesis ✅Formation of large molecules by the removal of water.
Monomers are joined to find polymers.
Hydrolysis ✅Break down of large molecules by the addition of water. Polymers are
broken down monomers.
Carbohydrates used for energy storage ✅Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. Empirical formula C2H2O. C-H covalent bonds hold much
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