Examen

Water Distribution Exam With Latest Updated Solutions 2024

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OCT Water Distribution

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Publié le 18 août 2024
Nombre de pages 31
Écrit en 2024/2025
Type Examen
Contient Questions et réponses

water distribution exam
why has it become necessary to conserve and proper
how are water shortages and energy consumption lin
why do many sources of water need treatment
name three ways groundwater ma

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Water Distribution Exam With Latest
Updated Solutions 2024

Why .has .it .become .necessary .to .conserve .and .properly .budget .our .water .resources? .-
.correct .answer.The .trouble .is .the .nation's .water .resources .are .unevenly .distributed,

.contamination, .and .the .depletion .of .vast .underground .basins .of .water .have .been

.depleted .in .a .matter .of .decades

How .are .water .shortages .and .energy .consumption .linked .together? .- .correct .answer.As
.groundwater .levels .fall, .more .energy .is .required .to .pump .water .from .deeper .levels .in .the

.basin. .In .several .areas, .vast .water .projects .use .large .amount .of .electricity .to .pump .water

.many .miles .along .the .project. .As .energy .becomes .more .expensive, .the .users .of .the

.water .will .see .the .increased .cost .reflected .in .their .water .rates

Why .do .many .sources .of .water .need .treatment? .- .correct .answer.In .some .areas, .human
.activities .have .made .it .difficult .to .locate .a .safe .water .supply .of .any .sort.

Name .three .ways .groundwater .may .become .contaminated. .- .correct .answer.Seepage
.from .septic .tank .leaching .systems .and .agricultural .drainage .systems, .the .improper

.disposal .of .hazardous .wastes .in .sanitary .landfills .and .dumps, .and .the .entry .of .surface

.runoff .into .poorly .constructed .wells.

List .the .two .major .sources .of .water .supplies. .- .correct .answer.Ocean .water, .Surface
.water .(rivers, .streams, .lakes, .reservoirs), .Groundwater .(wells, .springs)

What .is .the .water .(hydrologic) .cycle? .- .correct .answer.the .process .of .evaporation .of
.water .into .the .air .and .its .return .to .earth .by .precipitation .(rain .or .snow). .This .process .also

.includes .transpiration .from .plants, .groundwater .movement, .and .runoff .into .rivers,

.streams, .and .the .ocean.

What .are .the .general .water .quality .characteristics .of .surface .water .supplies? .- .correct
.answer.generally .characterized .by .low .calcium .and .magnesium .content .(soft .water),

.turbidity, .suspended .solids, .some .color, .and .microbial .contamination

What .items .should .be .considered .before .selecting .a .location .and .constructing .a .water
.supply .intake .located .in .a .river .or .stream? .- .correct .answer.Upstream .conditions .are

.always .a .concern. .Some .cities .draw .drinking .water .from .a .stream .or .river .into .which .the

.treated .wastewater .(sewage) .from .upstream .cities .has .been .discharged

,How .can .provisions .be .made .to .allow .recreation .on .water .supply .lakes .and .reservoirs
.without .endangering .water .quality? .- .correct .answer.Proper .construction .and .location .of

.recreational .facilities .such .as .boat .launching .ramps, .boat .harbors, .picnic .and .camping

.areas, .fishing, .and .open .beach .areas .away .from .the .intake .area

What .are .the .general .water .quality .characteristics .of .groundwater .supplies? .- .correct
.answer.Higher .concentrations .of .dissolved .solids, .dissolved .gases, .and .relatively .high

.hardness. .Free .of .suspended .solids .and .usually .free .of .microbial .contamination

What .causes .the .flow .of .groundwater .within .an .aquifer? .- .correct .answer.Topography,
.groundwater .is .continually .moving .within .aquifers .even .though .the .movement .may .be

.slow

How .can .the .sustained .yield .of .an .aquifer .be .exceeded? .- .correct .answer.If .pumping
.continues .at .a .rate .that .exceeds .the .rate .of .replacement .by .the .water-bearing .formations,

.the .sustained .yield .of .the .well .or .group .of .wells .will .be .exceeded

List .some .of .the .possible .uses .of .reclaimed .wastewater .- .correct .answer.Source .of .water
.for .non-food .crop .irrigation. .Park .areas, .golf .courses, .landscapes, .industrial .reuse,

.groundwater .recharge, .wetland/march .enhancement

How .much .treatment .should .reclaimed .water .receive .before .use? .- .correct
.answer.Should .be .appropriate .for .the .intended .use. .The .greater .the .potential .exposure .to

.the .public, .the .more .extensive .the .treatment .needs .to .be.

Why .have .water .quality .standards .been .prepared .and .used .by .the .waterworks .industry? .-
.correct .answer.To .provide .the .needed .quality .control .and .ensure .the .acceptability .of .the

.product. .Some .standards .have .been .set .by .law .and .must .be .complied .with, .while .others

.are .merely .guidelines.

Drinking .water .quality .standards .can .generally .be .categorized .as .being .related .either .to
._____ .or .to .______. .- .correct .answer.Primary .or .Secondary

Primary .limit .the .concentrations .of .substances .that .are .harmful .to .health
.(organic/inorganic .chems, .microorganisms, .disinfection .byproducts, .turbidity, .and

.radionuclides

MCL .stands .for .what .three .words? .- .correct .answer.Maximum .Contaminant .Level

Water .quality .is .the .general .term .used .to .describe .which .characteristics .of .a .water
.supply? .- .correct .answer.Composite .chemical, .physical, .and .biological .characteristics .of

.a .water .supply

A .domestic .water .supply .is .considered .to .be .of .good .quality .when .it .meets .what
.guidelines .or .criteria? .- .correct .answer.Free .of .disease-causing .organisms .and .toxic

.chemicals; .attractive .in .taste .and .appearance; .of .such .a .chemical .composition .that .it .may

.be .distributed .without .undue .corrosive .or .scale-forming .effects .on .the .water .distribution

,.system; .and .will .satisfy, .to .a .maximum .degree, .the .requirements .of .domestic .and
.industrial .consumers.

What .are .the .consequences .of .delivering .a .poor .quality .of .water .to .the .consumer? .-
.correct .answer.Could .result .in .a .range .of .consequences .from .the .water .not .being

.acceptable .to .the .consumer .because .of .its .appearance .or .taste, .to .illness .or .even .death

.of .some .susceptible .consumers.

What .are .trihalomethanes .(THMs)? .- .correct .answer.Derivatives .of .methane, .CH4, .in
.which .3 .halogen .atoms .(chlorine .or .bromine) .are .substituted .for .3 .of .the .hydrogen .atoms.

.Often .formed .during .chlorination .by .reactions .with .natural .organic .materials .in .the .water.

.The .resulting .compounds .(THMs) .are .suspected .of .causing .cancer.

What .physical .qualities .of .water .are .important .to .consumers? .- .correct .answer.Color,
.turbidity, .taste, .odor, .and .temp

Occasional .concerns: .macroscopic .org. .worms/bugs .and .milky .water .due .to .air

Where .might .contamination .of .water .occur? .- .correct .answer.Source .of .supply
At .the .water .treatment .plant
In .the .distribution .system .storage .facilities
In .water .mains

How .can .water .quality .be .degraded .in .the .distribution .system? .- .correct .answer.Cross
.connections

Corrosion
Biological .growth .and .activity
High .Temps
Unusual .flows
Time .in .the .system
Dead .ends
Age .of .facilities
Operational .procedures

Why .are .natural .source .waters .never .completely .pure? .- .correct .answer.During .their
.precipitation .and .their .passage .over .or .through .the .ground, .they .can .acquire .a .wide

.variety .of .dissolved .or .suspended .impurities

How .can .surface .waters .become .contaminated .or .degraded? .- .correct .answer.Exposed
.and .especially .susceptible .to .contamination. .

-Domestic, .industrial, .and .agricultural .waste .discharges .and .spills
-Humic .materials .(decaying .veg)
-Refuse .disposal
-Recreation
-Construction
-Animal .activities
-Uncontrolled .growths .of .algae .and .weeds

, -Radioactive .fallout

How .can .groundwaters .become .contaminated .or .degraded? .- .correct .answer.Less
.susceptible .of .contamination, .but .once .they .are .contaminated, .it .normally .take .a

.considerable .time .before .they .recover. .Due .to .the .slow .movement .of .the .water .in .the

.ground

-Poorly .constructed .wells
-Leaching .from .nearby .domestic, .industrial, .agricultural .waste .operations .or .disposals
-Spills
-Humic .materials
-Flood .waters
-Passage .through .natural .mineralized .formations

What .problems .can .be .created .by .improper .chlorination .in .water .treatment .plants? .-
.correct .answer.Can .cause .objectionable .taste .and .odors; .overdosing .of .alum .during

.coagulation .treatment .can .result .in .turbidity .and .deposits; .and .excessive .use .of

.manganese .compounds .for .taste .and .odor .control .can .result .in .a .colored .water

What .is .the .most .frequently .reported .cause .of .water-borne .disease .outbreaks .in .the
.USA? .- .correct .answer.Contamination .resulting .from .backflow .of .unacceptable

.substances .through .cross-connections .to .distribution .systems .has .consistently .caused

.more .waterborne .disease .outbreaks .than .any .other .reported .factor

How .can .corrosion .cause .health .problems? .- .correct .answer.Elevated .levels .of .toxic .or
.suspected .toxic .substances .such .as .lead, .cadmium, .copper, .zinc, .asbestos, .and .certain

.organic .compounds .have .been .found .in .water .being .served .as .the .result .of .corrosive

.action .of .water .on .dis .sys .materials. .Increased .incidences .of .cardiovascular .(heart)

.disease .have .been .associated .with .consumption .of .a .soft, .corrosive .water

Slime .growths .can .cause .what .problems .in .distribution .systems? .- .correct .answer.Tastes
.and .odors .can .be .produced .by .slime .growths .of .organisms .that .thrive .on .ammonia, .iron,

.sulfide, .and .methane. .The .development .of .the .iron .bacteria, .Crenothrix, .also .results .in

.slime .growths.

Increasing .levels .of .microbial .activity .can .ultimately .result .in .increased .consumer
.complaints .as .well .as .accelerated .corrosion .and .reduced .flow .from .greater .turbulence

.along .the .pipe .walls.

Which .form .of .chlorine .is .most .effective .against .biofilms? .- .correct .answer.Chloramines
Chloramines .are .more .persistent .in .a .dis .sys .and .will .eventaully .penetrate .farther .into .the
.system .for .a .longer .time. .This .persistence .is .why .chloramines .are .more .effective .against

.troublesome .biofilms.

What .impacts .does .water .temp .have .on .distribution .system .water .quality? .- .correct
.answer.3 .major .impacts. .Higher .temps .tend .to .speed .the .rate .of .chemical .reactions .and

.increase .biological .growth .rates, .biological .decomposition .may .be .intensified .by .summer

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