CSD 315 REAL FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE || very
Flawless.
When a child's error patterns include errors of place, voice, and manner, it is recommended that
therapists: correct answers utilize exemplars from each category in treatment
A clinician who is working with a child with comorbid speech and language disorders would be
inclined to use a _______ approach. correct answers whole language
The naturalistic approach focuses on improving: correct answers intelligibility
A whole-language approach to treatment focuses on: correct answers including phonology and
the other 4 areas of language in therapy
A child is able to produce /s/ in "mask" but cannot produce /s/ in "swim, sun, bus". The approach
that should be used to establish the /s/ sound is: correct answers contextual utilization
Childhood apraxia of speech is primarily a disorder of what two areas? correct answers Planning
and coordination
The three categories of motor learning principles are: correct answers prepractice goals,
principles of practice, and principles of feedback
The use of Non-Speech Oral Motor Exercises (NS-OME) during clinical practice is controversial
because: correct answers their effectiveness has not been empirically demonstrated but they are
still being used
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) can be defined as: correct answers the conscientious, explicit,
and unbiased use of current best research results in making decisions about the care of individual
clients
"Same structures used for speaking, eating, breathing, etc. function differently for each of these:
Same structures, but different function." This is an example of: correct answers task specificity
Listed below are some ways you can tell if something is pseudoscientific. Which one statement
is NOT a way to distinguish science from pseudoscience? correct answers Clinicians knowingly
change data about the outcomes
What is thought to be the greatest specific source of errors in speech production observed in
children with CAS? correct answers Difficulty with the rapid transition of the articulators
resulting in lack of precision with articulatory placement
In the absence of a true gold standard, how should you diagnose CAS in your clinical practice?
correct answers Establish local consensus or determine personal protocol based on current best
evidence
,Reasons why SLPs should know what is typical of speech sound acquisition correct answers
Referral, assessment, analysis, diagnosis, selecting intervention targets, intervention, discharge
Phonetics correct answers study of how speech sounds are produced and perceived
Phonology correct answers study of the structure and systematic patterning of sounds within a
language
Traditional/behaviorist models (watson/skinner/pavlov) correct answers describe observable
behaviors in children and how the environment affects them
babies produce the sounds the do because they imitate sounds they hear and receive positive
reinforcement
Consequences in traditional/behaviorist models can be ___ or ___, and ___ or ___ correct
answers positive, negative, reinforcements, consequences
Criticisms of traditional/behaviorist models correct answers kids actually learn language faster
than they could if it was all based on stimulus-response mechanisms, kids usually don't receive
this kind of feedback in regular life
Linguistic models correct answers describe patterns, structures, and contexts for articulation
development
Generative phonology (Chomsky) correct answers a type of linguistic model that focuses on
transforming underlying representations into surface forms using language specific rules
Criticisms of generative phonology correct answers we don't know if a child's underlying
representation is adultlike or if we actually apply rules in our head when
producing/comprehending language
Natural phonology (Stampe) correct answers a type of linguistic model that focuses on the idea
that kids' underlying forms are like those of adults and innate processes transform them into the
child's surface forms
Intervention techniques in natural phonology involve teaching kids to ___ innate simplification
processes correct answers suppress
Nonlinear phonology (Goldsmith) correct answers a type of linguistic model that focuses on the
idea that there is a hierarchical relationship between phonological units
speech production involves the coordination of word/articulatory features
Nonlinear phonology takes into account that speech production is more than just ___ correct
answers producing a sequence of phonemes
,Prosodic tier correct answers a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes words and
structures of words
Segmental tier correct answers a tier in the nonlinear phonology hierarchy that includes each
individual segment (letter/phoneme)
Nonlinear phonology gives us the concept that there is a link between ___ and ___ correct
answers segments, suprasegmentals
Nonlinear phonology has the view that development is ___ correct answers progressive/additive
Optimality theory correct answers reranking constraints of speech to match adult constraints
Faithfulness constraint correct answers a constraint in the optimality theory that preserves
features in order to prohibit behaviors like deletion and addition
Markedness constraint correct answers a constraint in the optimality theory that limits what
sounds can be produced
In the optimality theory, adultlike production is achieved by promoting ___ and demoting ___
correct answers faithfulness, markedness
Sonority hypothesis correct answers words are organized by the relative sonority of their
segments
According to the sonority hypothesis, kids change their productions to achieve a maximal ___ in
sonority and a minimal ___ in sonority correct answers rise, fall
The sonority hypothesis is used to analyze ___ correct answers phonological awareness ( Rhyme
knowledge, Blending and segmentation, Manipulation)
Psycholinguistic models correct answers explain interactions between auditory input, underlying
cognitive-linguistic processes, and speech output and describe the distinctions between
underlying forms and surface forms
Criticisms of psycholinguistic models correct answers Fail to explain how kids choose between
duplicate representations of sounds, don't take the constraints of connected speech into account
Diary studies correct answers type of data collection that refers to one child or a small group,
researcher (usually a parent) keeps detailed record of child's speech/language acquisition over
time
Disadvantages of diary studies correct answers lack of structure in data, observer bias,
information may not be generalizable (child comes from specific region, SES, etc.)
Advantages of diary studies correct answers detailed information, provides context of child's life
, Large group cross sectional studies correct answers type of data collection that involves the
examination of large groups of kids at different age points
The goal of large group cross sectional studies is to ___ correct answers establish norms
The most famous large group cross sectional study was conducted by ___ correct answers
Templin
Advantages of large group cross sectional studies correct answers results are generalizable
because so many kids were studied, ability to control variables because all undergo the same
testing procedure, not as much bias
Disadvantages of large group cross sectional studies correct answers connected speech is usually
not studied (just single words are), productions are often imitated so you're not getting the kid's
spontaneous speech, only include typically developing kids, can't examine individual differences
between kids
Longitudinal studies correct answers type of data collection that involves the examination of the
same group of children at different points in time
Advantages of longitudinal studies correct answers show change over time and development
trends, allows us to see individual variation between kids
Disadvantages of longitudinal studies correct answers typically include a smaller number of kids
so it may not be representative of the whole population, important windows of development may
be missed between observation intervals, elicited stimuli are used so may not capture natural
speech
Combined data collection procedures correct answers type of data collection that combines
advantages of large group cross sectional studies with longitudinal studies
Phase 1 of speech sound acquisition correct answers development of the structure and function of
the oral mechanism
Anatomical limitations that keep babies from talking sooner correct answers tongue is large in
relation to the oral cavity, larynx is high, oropharynx is nearly nonexistent
A higher larynx allows babies to ___ and ___ at the same time correct answers breathe, drink
A baby's larynx begins to drop at about ___ of age correct answers 3 months
Babies have a preference for listening to ___ over ___ correct answers speech, non speech
sounds
