NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
(Latest ). GUARANTEED A+
What is gastritis? - answers Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be
red and inflamed and irritated
What are the causes of gastritis? - answers Ingestion of irritating substances such a
alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria
What is GERD? - answers the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus
through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of
highly acidic stomach acid that comes up.
What are the causes of GERD? - answers Any condition or agent that alters closure
of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food,
caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like
hiatal hernia
What are complications of GERD? - answers Barrett's esophagus where columnar
tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high
risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures,
pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing
passages.
What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - answers epigastric
burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on
empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food
and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur
without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis.
What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - answers promotes both gastric
and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing
and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal.
What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - answers acute inflammation and
necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well.
What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - answers clostridium difficile,
exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine
What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - answers foul
smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic
perforation.
How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - answers stop current antibiotics,
treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or
vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe
How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - answers wearing
appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only
, NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2
(Latest ). GUARANTEED A+
What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - answers Periumbilical pain,
RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting,
fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection
How do we assess for appendicitis? - answers McBurney's point technique when
pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes
intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis
What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - answers previous surgery of the
intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer
of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water
and electrolytes in the bowel.
What is a functional bowel obstruction? - answers a problem with the act of the
bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery,
medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system
from the SNS stimulation.
What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - answers due to adhesions, hernia,
tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception
What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - answers hepatocellular failure
(jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and
portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or
gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,)
Explain what jaundice is? - answers green- yellow staining of tissues from increased
level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin
Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - answers eyes, skin, and mouth
Explain what ascites is? - answers pathological accumulation of fluid in the
peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free
amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained
with a parenthesis
Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - answers neuropsychiatric syndrome from too
much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia
and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking
What is another name for end stage liver disease? - answers cirrhosis
What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - answers sudden pain in the
RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting.
Why do gallstones occur? - answers due to often a blockage of a duct from a
cholesterol filled stone
What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - answers supersaturation,
nucleation, hypo motility
