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MCB 2610 Exam 2 All Possible Questions and Answers with complete solution
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  • MCB 2610

B-lactam resistance - Lactamases - enzymes that cleave beta lactam structure usually between carbon and nitrogen - makes it no longer a structural mimic and transpeptidase keeps cross-linking peptide side chains Antimicrobial Agents - Agents that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth -cid...

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  • August 23, 2024
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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MCB 2610 Exam 2
B-lactam resistance - Lactamases - enzymes that cleave beta lactam structure usually between
carbon and nitrogen - makes it no longer a structural mimic and transpeptidase keeps cross-linking
peptide side chains



Antimicrobial Agents - Agents that kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth

-cidal agents kill

-static agents inhibit growth

Household cleaners are disinfectants



14 out of 20 burn patients get pseudomonas infections from stainless steel tub cleaned with a quat..
why? - Quats do not kill pseudomonas



2 types of active transport - Primary active transporters (ABC) - use energy provided by ATP
hydrolysis to move substances against a concentration gradient

Secondary active transporters (MFS) - couple potential energy of ion gradients to transport substances



ABC transport system - Primary active transporters use ATP

ATP-binding cassette transporters

Consist of 2 hydrophobic membrane spanning transport proteins and 2 cytoplasmic associated ATP-
binding domains

Considered to be uniport - transports one molecule at a time

solute bingind protein located in periplasm of gram neg and external cytoplasmic membrane of gram pos

Binding proteins may also do chemotaxis



Active Transport - Energy dependent

Move molecules against gradient

Concentrates molecules inside cell

Involves specific carrier proteins (permeases)

,Alcohols - among the most widely used disinfectants and antiseptics

Two most common are ethanol and isopropanol

Not sporicidal

Inactivate some viruses

Denature proteins and possibly dissolve membrane lipids



Aldehydes - Commonly used agents are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

Highly reactive

Sporicidal and can be used as chemical sterilants

Combine with and inactivate nucleic acids and proteins

Cross-link macromolecules preventing functions



Antisepsis - Destruction or inhibition of microorganisms ON living tissue

Antiseptics



Asymmetry of most membrane lipids - Polar head with non-polar tail



B-Lactam antibiotics - Function by preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan - initial bond
formation

Structure mimics D-ala-D-ala on peptide side chain

Transpeptidase gets confused and binds to penicillin thinking it will continue the peptide side chain -
inhibits growth



Bacterial Cell Wall - Peptidoglycan (murein) -

Rigid structure that lies just outside cell membrane

Two types based on gram stain (pos or neg)

, Bacterial cytoskeleton - Series of internal proteins keeping everything in the cell and moving
things to the right locations in cells



Bacterial Lipids - Very dynamic - saturation levels of membrane lipids reflect environmental
conditions

Bacterial membranes lack sterols but do contain sterol-like molecules - hopanoids - serve same purpose
as sterols and exactly like them - job is stability of membrane across temperature ranges



Balanced Growth - Cellular constituents manufactured at constant rates relative to each other



Best physical or chemical agents for sterilizing Glass pipets

Tryptic soy broth tubes

Antibiotic solution

Plastic-wrapped petri - Glass pipets - autoclave

TSB tubes - autoclave

Antibiotic solution - filtering

Plastic-wrapped petri dishes - ionizing radiation or sterilizing gases



Biosafety cabinet and other filtration devices - N-95 masks removes 95% of particles .3 um or
larger

High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters - used in laminar flow boisafety cabinets

Removes 99.97% of particles .3 um or larger



Calculating CFU/mL - Average cell number / (dilution X volume plated)



Cell Wall Functions - Maintains shape of the bacterium

Helps protect cell from osmotic lysis

Helps protect from toxic materials

May contribute to pathogenicity

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