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BBH 451 PSU Exam 2 Questions and Correct Answers
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What was the initial use of cocaine? Indigenous South American use Coca leaf Chewed What was the initial use of cocaine in the Western Cultures? Local anesthetic Injection local for injury Topical anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, nerve blocks (until Novacane was developed) What kind of drug is ...

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  • August 26, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • bbh 451 psu exam 2 questions and correct answers
  • what was the initial use of cocaine indigenous s
  • what was the initial use of cocaine in the western

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BBH 451 PSU Exam 2 Questions and
Correct Answers
What was the initial use of cocaine? ✅Indigenous South American use

Coca leaf

Chewed

What was the initial use of cocaine in the Western Cultures? ✅Local anesthetic

Injection local for injury

Topical anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, nerve blocks (until Novacane was developed)

What kind of drug is cocaine? ✅Psychostimulant

What is a psychostimulant? ✅drug that exerts behavioral effects by augmenting the
action of the monoamine neurotransmitters, the most important DOPAMINE

Daily dose of cocaine when administered by chewing coca leaves (indigenous) ✅200
mg over the entire day

What was cocaine added into in the late 1800s? ✅Became a popular additive in wine
and soft drinks (boost mood and energy)

What was the psychological use used by Sigmund Freud for cocaine? ✅Advocated the
use of cocaine to treat depression and to alleviate chronic fatigue

Drug that could cure opiod (morphine and heroine) addiction

RElieve depression (lasting euphoria)

What was considered the "Third Scourge" of humanity? ✅Alochol + Heroine + Cocaine

Describe the restricted use in the early 1900s of cocaine? ✅1910: Public Enemy
Number ONe and the Harrison Narcotic Act banned the incorporation of cocaine into
patient medicines and beverages

Decreased use during 1930s (replaced by amphetamines)

,Crack epidemic ✅1970s-1980s: New epidemic of cocaine use began with widespread
availability of CRACK cocaine

Could inhale/smoke!

Describe the Physiological effects of cocaine ✅Musculature (move quicker)
Heart (increase heartbeat -- hypertension)
Blood vessels (decrease blood vessel size)
Lungs (open lung passages)
Body temperature (increase)
Sympathetic actions - mimicking the sympathetic actions

Who is at extreme risk with cocaine use? ✅Those at risk for heart attack - can cause
death!

Describe the psychological effects of cocaine use ✅Increased alertness
Immediate euphoria
Giddiness
Enhanced self-consciousness
Forceful boastfulness
Decreased appetite
Become very talkative and incoherent

What is a psychological effect of toxic levels of cocaine use? ✅Formication: bugs
crawling all over and under skin

Paranoia and aggression

Accidental suicide

With what drug is formication best known to be associated with (at toxic levels)?
✅Cocaine

What are the three prominent actins that account for all effects with cocaine use? ✅1.
Potential local anesthetic
2. Vasoconstrictor
3. Psycho-stimulant

How does cocaine work as a local anesthetic? ✅Good at blocking sodium ions -->
block transmission (if block transmission at local injury - do not feel pain)

What can be an effective use of vasoconstrictor effect of cocaine use for surgery?
✅Vasoconstriction - reduce bleeding

,What four molecules are shown in the slide "Structure of Cocaine and Local
Anesthetics" ✅Cocaine
Benzocaine
Procaine (Novacaine)
Lidocaine

Also + and - forms

Describe the coca leaf cocaine form ✅Indigenous tribes in S. America
Leaves are chewed
Slow release
Addiction unclear
Relieve work conditions
tongue numb

Slower administration of 200 mg

Social structure - incorporated into daily life

Describe Cocaine Hydrochloride (HCL) ✅aka Beam, Big Flake, Blow, C, etc.

Paste from leaves which is dissolved and treated with HCL to precipitate relatively pure
drug

Water soluble - can be injected intravanously

Cocaine decomposes when it is heated and is destroyed at the temperature of smoke -
unsuitable of smoking

More effective for euphoria

What is the common intake strategies for HCL? ✅snorted or injected

How many mg of cocaine in single administration of HCL ✅50-100 mg in a single
administration (instant)

What is the freebase form of cocaine? ✅Crack

Describe Crack Cocaine ✅aka Base, beat bones, crazy, 8ths, Grit, Moonrock,
Monsters, Roxanne, Ultimate

Soluble in alcohol, acetone or ether (crackling noise when heated)

More effective than HCl salt

, Smoked

Which form of cocaine is water soluble? ✅HCl

Which form of cocaine is alcohol, acetone or ether soluble? ✅Crack

Which form of cocaine is insoluble in water? ✅Crack

Why is crack considered more effective than HCl? ✅Ease of passage into circulatory
system

The drug may reach the brain within 10 seconds

***** 60-90% reaching circulation!!

Is HCl more acidic or basic? ✅acidic

What are the new drug combinations from cocaine? ✅Levamisol (antiworming for
cattle...) and "wet" (fermaldihyde)

What was the possession debate with HCl vs freebase crack? ✅More people worried
about freebase form
(same component just how prepared...)

Disconnect that they are both cocaine

More time in jail if had crack

Pharmacokinetics:
What are the modes of absorption for cocaine? ✅oral (chewing E. coca leaves)
intranasal (snorting)
intravenous (injection)
inhalation (smoking)

What is the distribution of cocaine? ✅Penetrates the brain rapidly and far exceed the
concentrations in plasma, but after penetrates brain, it is rapidly redistributed to other
tissues - freely crosses blood brain barrier to fetus

**** PENETRATES QUICKLY

Cocaine Pharmacokinetics:

Metabolism ✅- 1/2 life: 50 minutes
- Primarily by butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in the liver and circulatory
- Major metabolite: Benzoylecgoine (longer half-life; measured longer in urine)

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