RHSC 420 Midterm Questions with 100% Correct Answers

RHSC 420 Midterm Questions with 100% Correct Answers What is the corticospinal tract responsible for? - Answer️️ -Voluntary motor activity (descending) Where do the fibers of the of the lateral corticospinal tract cross the midline? - Answer️️ -At the pyramidal decussation in the caudal medulla What are the bundles of fibers that connect the brain stem and the cerebellum? - Answer️️ -The cerebellar peduncles located in the pons (inferior, middle, and superior) What is the pontine nuclei? - Answer️️ -The nuclei of the brain stem involved in motor activity (associated with the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts) When looking at a cross section of the brain stem, what feature can be used as a landmark for the midbrain? - Answer️️ -The paired red nuclei (involved in motor coordination) Which cranial nerves are purely sensory? - Answer️️ -I, II, VIII Which cranial nerves are purely motor? - Answer️️ -III, IV, VI, XI, XII Which motor nerves are mixed? - Answer️️ -V, VII, IX, X Where does the trigeminal nerve emerge from? - Answer️️ -The mid pons Where does the opthalmic division of trigeminal exit the skull? - Answer️️ -Through the superior orbital fissure ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 2 Where does the maxillary division of trigeminal exit the skull? - Answer️️ -Through the foramen rotundum Where does the mandibular division of trigeminal exit the skull? - Answer️️ -Foramen ovale Where does motor innervation for the muscles of mastication come from (be specific)? - Answer️️ -The mandibular division of trigeminal What 5 types of information are carried by all three divisions of trigeminal? - Answer️️ -Pain Temperature Discriminative touch Vibration Proprioception Where do the fibers of trigeminal cross over? - Answer️️ -In the brain stem What nucleus of CN V is associated with pain and temperature? - Answer️️ -The spinal trigeminal tract nucleus Which nucleus of CN V is associated with discriminative touch and vibration? - Answer️️ -The chief nucleus of V What special visceral efferent (SVE) fibers are carried by CN V? - Answer️️ -Motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (recall that the head does not develop embryologically from somites) ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 3 Where is the chief nucleus of V located within the mid pons? - Answer️️ - On either side of the ventricle, anterior and slightly lateral to the two darker hamburger shaped structures How does information (discriminative touch and vibration) from the chief sensory nucleus of V reach the VPM of the thalamus? - Answer️️ - Through the trigeminal lemniscus How does information (pain and temperature) from the spinal nucleus of CN V reach the VPM of the thalamus? - Answer️️ -Through the trigeminothalamic tract What type of fibers are associated with the alar plate? - Answer️️ - Afferent (all four kinds) What type of fibers are associated with the basal plate? - Answer️️ - Efferent (all three kinds) What afferents are carried by CN VII? - Answer️️ -General somatic afferent (GSA) from the skin behind the ear Special visceral afferent (SVA), taste from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue What efferents are carried by CN VII? - Answer️️ -Special visceral efferents (SVE) to the muscles of facial expression General visceral efferents (GVE) to the sublingual/submandibular glands and the lacrimal gland ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 4 Where do the LMN's for the upper face receive innervation from? - Answer️️ -Bilaterally from both sides of the cortex (redundant innervation) Where do the LMN's for the lower face receive innervation from? - Answer️️ -Unilaterally from the contralateral side of the cortex What are the symptoms of an upper motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve (motor)? - Answer️️ -Innervation to the lower face on the contralateral side is lost, but the upper face would remain intact because of the bilateral innervation What are the symptoms of a lower motor neuron lesion to the facial nerve (motor)? - Answer️️ -Loss of innervation to both the upper and lower face (secondary neurons, running together are damaged) What is neurulation? - Answer️️ -When the neural tube starts to close and neural cells migrate away from neural crest What is one factor that may contribute to neural tube defects? - Answer️️ -Folic acid deficiency What is a ganglion? - Answer️️ -a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS (the DRG sensory cell bodies for example) What type of information do general somatic afferent fibers carry? - Answer️️ -discriminative touch, proprioception, pain, temperature from skin, joints, and muscles ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 5 What type of information is carried by general visceral afferents? - Answer️️ -sensation from the viscera What type of information do general visceral efferents carry? - Answer️️ - motor to viscera What do general somatic efferents carry? - Answer️️ -motor to skeletal muscles Where does the subarachnoid space end? - Answer️️ -S2 C2 myotome - Answer️️ -Neck flexion/extension C3 myotome - Answer️️ -Neck side flexion C4 myotome - Answer️️ -shoulder elevation C5 myotome - Answer️️ -shoulder abduction C6 myotome - Answer️️ -elbow flexion and wrist extension (tray position) C7 myotome - Answer️️ -elbow extension and wrist flexion (tip position) C8 myotome - Answer️️ -finger flexion T1 myotome - Answer️️ -finger abduction L1/L2 myotome - Answer️️ -Hip flexion L3 myotome - Answer️️ -Knee extension L4 myotome - Answer️️ -ankle dorsiflexion L5 myotome - Answer️️ -great toe extension ©SOPHIABENNET@2024/2025 Tuesday, August 20, 2024 10:21 AM 6 S1 myotome - Answer️️ -knee flexion S2 myotome - Answer️️ -ankle plantar flexion What is contained in the diencephalon? - Answer️️ -thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus What connects the two hemispheres of the brain? - Answer️️ -corpus callosum (commissural fibers) What is the function of the gyri and sulci of the brain? - Answer️️ -more surface area provides better access to nutrient delivery compared to