MICR271 TESTED QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS REVISED &
UPDATED!!!
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - Answer-what is the predominant
enzyme in carbon fixation
extra cytoplasmic membranes that extend and fold within the cytoplasm, increasing
surface area - Answer-what is an intracytoplasmic membrane
structural components within the cytoplasm of magnetotactic bacteria that act as
miniature motile compass needles - Answer-what are magnetosomes
a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacterial cells, allowing for survival
in periods of low nutrient levels and moisture - Answer-what is an endospore
start with a normal bacteria cell, asymmetric division results in the mother cell and the
forespore, the forespore is engulfed by the mother cell, the cortex is formed, coat is
synthesized and there is an increase in refractility and heat resistance, endospore is
released due to lysis of mother cell - Answer-Summarize the steps of endospore
formation
a layer of material attached firmly to an individual bacterium - Answer-what is a capsule
diffuse, unorganized material that is easily removed - Answer-What is a slime layer
offer protection by masking the bacteria from immune system and antibiotics during
infection - Answer-What do capsules or slime layers do
a structure consisting of polysaccharides surrounding groups of bacteria - Answer-what
is a biofilm
they harbour bacteria serving as sources of infection for deeper tissues and organs -
Answer-What problem do biofilms pose for humans
continuous interaction often leads to mutual benefits - Answer-Why is an advantage of
biofilms
,a 2D, crystalline glycoprotein component of the cell envelope that provides protection
from the immune system and phage infection and increases structural stability of the
cell wall - Answer-What is the S layer
movement in liquid - Answer-When are flagella used
when moving on solid surfaces - Answer-When are pili used
only when it benefits cell (very tightly regulated gene expression) - Answer-When are
motility structures made
flagella surround entire periphery of cell - Answer-Explain peritrichouse bacteria
1 flagella - Answer-What is a single/polar cell
have tufts of flagella at one end of a bacterium - Answer-What are lophotrichouse cells
a single flagellum at both ends of the bacterium - Answer-what is a bipolar cell
the portion attached to the cell wall is called the basal body. It is anchored in the outer
membrane and peptidoglycan by P and L rings. Other rings spin along the central
flagellum. - Answer-Describe the structure of a flagellum
very fine hair like appendages - Answer-What are pili
at the cell surface via addition of protein subunits for adherence - Answer-How, where,
and why are pili assembled
the distal tip of the pilus attaches to a surface. The pilus is then rapidly retracted into the
cell and this action moves the cell toward the attachment site - Answer-describe the
mechanism "twitching" that type 4 pili use
sex - Answer-What type of pili allow for the exchange of genetic material via conjugation
very simple, has an S layer outside a cytoplasmic membrane - Answer-What is the
general cell wall structure of archaea
between the S layer and the cytoplasmic membrane in archaea with similar functions
are peptidoglycan - Answer-Where is pseudomurein and what does it do
some archaea have lipid monolayers while the others have bilayers - Answer-What is
the difference between bacteria/eukaryote plasma membranes and archaea
heat and chemical resistant - Answer-What are 2 traits of archaeal lipids
bacteria - Answer-archaeal ribosomal RNA sequences differ from what domain
,archaea - Answer-do bacteria or archaeal ribosomes have more subunit proteins
archaeal ribosomes differ from bacterial ones (which are sometimes the target of
antibiotics) - Answer-How do archaeal ribosomes protect them from antibiotics
circular chromosome, associated with histones to form nucleosomes - Answer-Describe
archaeal DNA structure
have a hybrid structure rotating similarly to bacterial flagellum but assembled like
bacterial type 4 pili. The archella allows the cell to move in liquid and semi solid
environments - Answer-What is an archaella
a long helical appendage that extends from the cell surface - Answer-what is an
archaeal filament
basal portion of the bacterial flagellum to which is distally attached the flagellum filament
- Answer-What is an archaeal hook
a round knob that appears continuous within the filament at the distal end - Answer-
What is an archaeal knob
a network of hollow extracellular tubules that bundle to connect multiple cells specific to
archaea - Answer-define cannulae
filament with a helical basic structure with three prickles emanating from the filament. at
the distal end a barbed grappling hook can be found - Answer-Define hami
the endosymbiont theory - Answer-what theory supports evolutionary connections
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a microscopic living organism (single celled or multicellular) - Answer-what is a microbe
the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells - Answer-What is the
major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota - Answer-What are the three domains of life
It states that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes based on similarities found between
bacteria and mitochondria - Answer-What is the endosymbiont hypothesis and what is it
based on
1. contain their own data
2. distinct translation system - Answer-What are the two key differences between
mitochondria/chloroplasts and other organelles in cells
, alpha-proteobacteria - Answer-What kind of bacteria is thought to be the ancestor of
mitochondria
hypothesizes that a cell phagocytosed an alpha-proteobacterium - Answer-Describe the
archezoan scenario
the original phylogenetic analysis accidentally placed branches of eukaryotic protists at
the base of the tree of life, suggesting early mitochondrial incorporation - Answer-Why
has the archezoan scenario fallen out of favour
states that the complexity of the eukaryotic cell and its defining features emerged after
mitochondrial symbiosis (next came evolution of the nucleus and compartmentalization)
- Answer-What is the symbiogenesis scenario
genetic distinctions - Answer-What are phylogenetics
because the more similar organisms are, the closer their genetic relationships - Answer-
Why does studying genetic similarities help us understand evolutionary relationships
rRNA data - Answer-What did initial efforts to map phylogenetic relationships rely on
the phylogeny of organisms and the history of organismal lineages as they change
through time - Answer-What does the Tree of Life represent
the close relationship between archaea and eukaryota - Answer-What was a major
finding from the 1987 Tree of Life
eukaryota - Answer-Which domain has a nucleus
bacteria: 3-4 subunits
archaea: 8-12 subunits
eukaryota: 12-14 subunits - Answer-How long are RNA polymerase in each domain
bacteria and archaea have 70, eukaryotes have 80 - Answer-What domains have 70S
versus 80S ribosomes
bacteria - Answer-What domain has murein in the cell wall
Archaea - Answer-What domain is viewed as an intermediate between bacteria and
eukaryota
the ability to sequence vast amounts of DNA - Answer-What allowed for the
phylogenomic tree of life
eukaryota - Answer-is archaea more closesly related to eukaryota or bacteria
WITH ANSWERS REVISED &
UPDATED!!!
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - Answer-what is the predominant
enzyme in carbon fixation
extra cytoplasmic membranes that extend and fold within the cytoplasm, increasing
surface area - Answer-what is an intracytoplasmic membrane
structural components within the cytoplasm of magnetotactic bacteria that act as
miniature motile compass needles - Answer-what are magnetosomes
a resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacterial cells, allowing for survival
in periods of low nutrient levels and moisture - Answer-what is an endospore
start with a normal bacteria cell, asymmetric division results in the mother cell and the
forespore, the forespore is engulfed by the mother cell, the cortex is formed, coat is
synthesized and there is an increase in refractility and heat resistance, endospore is
released due to lysis of mother cell - Answer-Summarize the steps of endospore
formation
a layer of material attached firmly to an individual bacterium - Answer-what is a capsule
diffuse, unorganized material that is easily removed - Answer-What is a slime layer
offer protection by masking the bacteria from immune system and antibiotics during
infection - Answer-What do capsules or slime layers do
a structure consisting of polysaccharides surrounding groups of bacteria - Answer-what
is a biofilm
they harbour bacteria serving as sources of infection for deeper tissues and organs -
Answer-What problem do biofilms pose for humans
continuous interaction often leads to mutual benefits - Answer-Why is an advantage of
biofilms
,a 2D, crystalline glycoprotein component of the cell envelope that provides protection
from the immune system and phage infection and increases structural stability of the
cell wall - Answer-What is the S layer
movement in liquid - Answer-When are flagella used
when moving on solid surfaces - Answer-When are pili used
only when it benefits cell (very tightly regulated gene expression) - Answer-When are
motility structures made
flagella surround entire periphery of cell - Answer-Explain peritrichouse bacteria
1 flagella - Answer-What is a single/polar cell
have tufts of flagella at one end of a bacterium - Answer-What are lophotrichouse cells
a single flagellum at both ends of the bacterium - Answer-what is a bipolar cell
the portion attached to the cell wall is called the basal body. It is anchored in the outer
membrane and peptidoglycan by P and L rings. Other rings spin along the central
flagellum. - Answer-Describe the structure of a flagellum
very fine hair like appendages - Answer-What are pili
at the cell surface via addition of protein subunits for adherence - Answer-How, where,
and why are pili assembled
the distal tip of the pilus attaches to a surface. The pilus is then rapidly retracted into the
cell and this action moves the cell toward the attachment site - Answer-describe the
mechanism "twitching" that type 4 pili use
sex - Answer-What type of pili allow for the exchange of genetic material via conjugation
very simple, has an S layer outside a cytoplasmic membrane - Answer-What is the
general cell wall structure of archaea
between the S layer and the cytoplasmic membrane in archaea with similar functions
are peptidoglycan - Answer-Where is pseudomurein and what does it do
some archaea have lipid monolayers while the others have bilayers - Answer-What is
the difference between bacteria/eukaryote plasma membranes and archaea
heat and chemical resistant - Answer-What are 2 traits of archaeal lipids
bacteria - Answer-archaeal ribosomal RNA sequences differ from what domain
,archaea - Answer-do bacteria or archaeal ribosomes have more subunit proteins
archaeal ribosomes differ from bacterial ones (which are sometimes the target of
antibiotics) - Answer-How do archaeal ribosomes protect them from antibiotics
circular chromosome, associated with histones to form nucleosomes - Answer-Describe
archaeal DNA structure
have a hybrid structure rotating similarly to bacterial flagellum but assembled like
bacterial type 4 pili. The archella allows the cell to move in liquid and semi solid
environments - Answer-What is an archaella
a long helical appendage that extends from the cell surface - Answer-what is an
archaeal filament
basal portion of the bacterial flagellum to which is distally attached the flagellum filament
- Answer-What is an archaeal hook
a round knob that appears continuous within the filament at the distal end - Answer-
What is an archaeal knob
a network of hollow extracellular tubules that bundle to connect multiple cells specific to
archaea - Answer-define cannulae
filament with a helical basic structure with three prickles emanating from the filament. at
the distal end a barbed grappling hook can be found - Answer-Define hami
the endosymbiont theory - Answer-what theory supports evolutionary connections
between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
a microscopic living organism (single celled or multicellular) - Answer-what is a microbe
the presence of membrane bound organelles in eukaryotic cells - Answer-What is the
major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota - Answer-What are the three domains of life
It states that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes based on similarities found between
bacteria and mitochondria - Answer-What is the endosymbiont hypothesis and what is it
based on
1. contain their own data
2. distinct translation system - Answer-What are the two key differences between
mitochondria/chloroplasts and other organelles in cells
, alpha-proteobacteria - Answer-What kind of bacteria is thought to be the ancestor of
mitochondria
hypothesizes that a cell phagocytosed an alpha-proteobacterium - Answer-Describe the
archezoan scenario
the original phylogenetic analysis accidentally placed branches of eukaryotic protists at
the base of the tree of life, suggesting early mitochondrial incorporation - Answer-Why
has the archezoan scenario fallen out of favour
states that the complexity of the eukaryotic cell and its defining features emerged after
mitochondrial symbiosis (next came evolution of the nucleus and compartmentalization)
- Answer-What is the symbiogenesis scenario
genetic distinctions - Answer-What are phylogenetics
because the more similar organisms are, the closer their genetic relationships - Answer-
Why does studying genetic similarities help us understand evolutionary relationships
rRNA data - Answer-What did initial efforts to map phylogenetic relationships rely on
the phylogeny of organisms and the history of organismal lineages as they change
through time - Answer-What does the Tree of Life represent
the close relationship between archaea and eukaryota - Answer-What was a major
finding from the 1987 Tree of Life
eukaryota - Answer-Which domain has a nucleus
bacteria: 3-4 subunits
archaea: 8-12 subunits
eukaryota: 12-14 subunits - Answer-How long are RNA polymerase in each domain
bacteria and archaea have 70, eukaryotes have 80 - Answer-What domains have 70S
versus 80S ribosomes
bacteria - Answer-What domain has murein in the cell wall
Archaea - Answer-What domain is viewed as an intermediate between bacteria and
eukaryota
the ability to sequence vast amounts of DNA - Answer-What allowed for the
phylogenomic tree of life
eukaryota - Answer-is archaea more closesly related to eukaryota or bacteria
