NUR 376 Patho Final/ 109 Quizzes wit Certified
Ans/ 2024-2025.
Key lab values in Infections - Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - Answer: You
would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about
the % of different types of white blood cells.
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,An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of
inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution,
causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Immunodeficiency - Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot
destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
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, Immunocompetence - Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system
that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - Answer: an infection that was caused by a
microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - Answer: when a pt's
infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical
environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - Answer: allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on
cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - Answer: antigen combines with Ig
within circulation and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
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Ans/ 2024-2025.
Key lab values in Infections - Answer: WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections,
autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - Answer: You
would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about
the % of different types of white blood cells.
Page 1 of 27
,An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a
bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of
inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution,
causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Immunodeficiency - Answer: Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot
destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Page 2 of 27
, Immunocompetence - Answer: refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself
from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - Answer: indicates that there is a defective immune system
that is putting the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - Answer: an infection that was caused by a
microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - Answer: when a pt's
infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical
environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - Answer: allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - Answer: mediated by Igs that target antigen on
cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - Answer: antigen combines with Ig
within circulation and complexes are then deposited into tissues.
SLE, autoimmune disorders
Page 3 of 27
