NUR 376 Patho Final/ 109 Quizzes wit Certified
Ans/ 2024-2025.
Hypervolemia - Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution,
causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
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,Polyuria - Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating
blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the
blood vessels or heart chamber.
Isotonic - Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal
osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA,
HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick,
very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
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, Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid out
of the body)- Need to give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose
in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in
lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers
before the words)
Hypotonic - Answer: LOW. Lower concentration of solutes or salt then the ICF,
lower osmolarity than body fluids. Fluid drawn into cells causes the body to swell
up.
Monitor- headache, mental status changes, seizures, coma
Use for- Cell dehydration- Give slow to prevent cellular edema &cerebral swelling.
Not for clients with ICP- can lead to seizures or death
Ex: 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.225% sodium chloride, 0.33% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in 0.225% saline, 5% dextrose in water (Memory trick- a lot of fluid in the
cell= a lot of numbers)
Potassium - Answer: main INTRACELLULAR electrolyte
3.0-5.0 mEq/L
Involved in conduction of nerve impulses (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle), acid-
base balance, synthesis of ATP, Osmotic balance & Kidneys ability to concentrate
urine.
Kidney; nephron regulates K+ because of aldosterone (which absorbs sodium and
water) and excretes potassium.
Page 3 of 27
Ans/ 2024-2025.
Hypervolemia - Answer: Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic
pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Answer: High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content
(more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE.
Osmotic pressure - Answer: The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution,
causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Page 1 of 27
,Polyuria - Answer: excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - Answer: Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating
blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - Answer: the force exerted by the blood confined within the
blood vessels or heart chamber.
Isotonic - Answer: No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal
osmotic pressure. No "tug of war".
Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke.
Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA,
HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - Answer: HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick,
very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
Monitor- BP, HTN crisis
Page 2 of 27
, Use for- hypovolemia, heat related, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis*(draw fluid out
of the body)- Need to give slowly
Ex: 3% sodium chloride, 5% sodium chloride, 10% dextrose in water, 5% dextrose
in 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.45% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in
lactated ringer's (Memory trick-very little fluid inside the cell= very little numbers
before the words)
Hypotonic - Answer: LOW. Lower concentration of solutes or salt then the ICF,
lower osmolarity than body fluids. Fluid drawn into cells causes the body to swell
up.
Monitor- headache, mental status changes, seizures, coma
Use for- Cell dehydration- Give slow to prevent cellular edema &cerebral swelling.
Not for clients with ICP- can lead to seizures or death
Ex: 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.225% sodium chloride, 0.33% sodium chloride, 5%
dextrose in 0.225% saline, 5% dextrose in water (Memory trick- a lot of fluid in the
cell= a lot of numbers)
Potassium - Answer: main INTRACELLULAR electrolyte
3.0-5.0 mEq/L
Involved in conduction of nerve impulses (skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle), acid-
base balance, synthesis of ATP, Osmotic balance & Kidneys ability to concentrate
urine.
Kidney; nephron regulates K+ because of aldosterone (which absorbs sodium and
water) and excretes potassium.
Page 3 of 27
